“…This moment corresponds to what Jasper (:292) calls a “moral shock.” It produces a sensation that “the world is not as one had thought.” As a result, victims of violence experience a diverse set of emotions, such as anger, fear, sadness, loss of safety, guilt, hatred, or helplessness in different stages after the victimizing event (McCann, Sakheim, and Abrahamson, ). These emotions imply certain action tendencies (Frijda, ; Nussio, ): anger, for example, is particularly mobilizing (Reifen Tagar, Federico, and Halperin, ); fear can both produce avoidance and collective coping (Miethe, ); and sadness and feelings of loneliness can lead to an increased need to belong (Porat et al., ). The individual responses vary depending on the emotional reactions and the specific stressors.…”