“…Taking a group of dyads as an example, if one participant recalls Items A, B, and C, and the other participant recalls Items A, D, and E, the pooled nonredundant items are A, B, C, D, and E. Comparisons between collaborative and nominal groups reveal that collaboration can both facilitate and inhibit memory. Regarding the quantity of correctly remembered items, collaborative groups perform worse than nominal groups, and this difference is termed collaborative inhibition, a detrimental effect (Barber et al, 2015;Bärthel et al, 2017;Browning et al, 2018;Nie et al, , 2022. On the contrary, the number of errors is significantly lower in collaborative versus nominal groups, and this beneficial effect is called error pruning (Bärthel et al, 2017;Browning et al, 2018;Nie et al, 2019Nie et al, , 2021Nie et al, , 2022Rossi-Arnaud et al, 2018).…”