Toilet Training the Retarded: Analysis of the Stages of Development and Procedures for Designing Programs

Bettison, Sue

doi:10.3109/13668257809010176

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…To date, no studies of retention training have been made with the retarded student population. Bettison (1978) used operant conditioning to modify learned behavior in relation to physiological processes. These investigations were prompted by the failure of even the most sophisticated packaged program to teach all retarded individuals independent toileting.…”

Section: Innovations Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Osarchuk (1973) provided a comprehensive review of the initial investigations of toilet skill training with the retarded student from 1962 to 1973. More recent literature reviews limited to studies using retarded sub jects include brief summaries by Bettison (1978) and Wehman (1979). These three reviews facilitate con sidering training problems and issues involving the retarded apart from theoretical and etiological issues surrounding the nonretarded client.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Characteristics of this group of subjects are IQs below 40 and severe impairments in adaptive behavior (Grossman, 1977). De facto, much of the research with the mentally retarded focuses on the more severely retarded, since higher level mentally retarded persons have generally responded to traditional toilet training techniques (Bettison, 1978). Osarchuk (1973) provided a comprehensive review of the initial investigations of toilet skill training with the retarded student from 1962 to 1973.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ten Years Later: Toilet Training in the Post-Azrin-and-Foxx Era

Anderson

1982

Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities

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Article Descriptors toilet training; training methods; severe mental retardation; multi ple disabilities; developmental disabilities; enuresis; encopresis; selfcare skills The Azrin and Foxx toileting study published in 1971 represented a culmination of earlier research efforts regarding the toilet training of the severely and pro foundly retarded client. This article uses the landmark study to provide a frame of reference for reviewing a decade of toilet training research. Efforts attempting to replicate the original study have been few in number and have yielded equivocal results. Modifications of the original study have added more information and have generated new areas of inquiry that give direc tion to toilet training research for the next decade.

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Section: Innovations Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

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Ten Years Later: Toilet Training in the Post-Azrin-and-Foxx Era

Anderson

1982

Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities

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“…This was probably the reason of not having significant difference between the two age groups. Some studies [16,17] showed that early toilet training was associated with better improvement of enuresis; however the age of toilet training was not specified.…”

Section: Age Of Toilet Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enuresis improvement and its associated factors among children attending enuresis clinic at Rusaifah

Matrafi¹

2015

Int J Med Sci Public Health

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Background: Enuresis is a common non-lethal health problem, causing a great deal of stress, confusion, and frustration to the suffering children, parents, and physicians. Objectives: Finding and evaluating the scope of improvement and factors associated with it among children attending enuresis clinic at Rusaifah Family Medicine Postgraduate Training Center in Makkah Al-Mukarramah. Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted at Rusaifah Family Medicine Postgraduate Training Center in Makkah Al-Mukarramah (June-August 2013). The targeted population was 600 patients with enuresis registered with the enuresis clinic at Al-Rusaifah Family Medicine Postgraduate Training Center. The sample size was calculated to be 150 using Epi Info, version 6. Medical records of patients with enuresis and a checklist designed by the researcher were used to obtain data covering all variables studied. Medical records were reviewed and the required information was pooled to a checklist designed to record data required for variables. Results: The response rate was 100%. A zero wetting per week improvement was found among 149 (99.3%), 54 (36%), and 9 (6%) in the first month, first 2 months, and first 3 months, respectively. The mean age of children with improved enuresis was found to be 9.38 years in the first month, 9.09 years in the first 2 months, and 11.33 years in the first 3 months, respectively, compared to that of those with non-improved enuresis (5 years, 9.51 years, and 9.23 years in the first month, first 2 months, and first 3 months). This difference was not significant except in the first 3 months (p < 0 .04). Other studied variables (age at toilet training, gender, nationality, spontaneous wakening for toilet, fear of toilet, easy access to toilet, hospitalization, parental separation, delayed milestones, fluid restriction, school/home conflict, urinary tract infection symptoms, punishment, and rewards) were not significantly associated with the degree of improvement for enuresis. Conclusion: The degree of improvement (zero wetting per week) was high in the first month then and then declined steadily in the first 2 months and in the first 3 months.

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Toilet Training

McCartney

1990

Handbook of Behavior Modification With the Mentally Retarded

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Toilet Training the Retarded: Analysis of the Stages of Development and Procedures for Designing Programs

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Ten Years Later: Toilet Training in the Post-Azrin-and-Foxx Era

Ten Years Later: Toilet Training in the Post-Azrin-and-Foxx Era

Enuresis improvement and its associated factors among children attending enuresis clinic at Rusaifah

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