Token-economy programmes with chronic psychotic patients: The importance of direct measurement and objective evaluation for long-term maintenance

Woods, Phil; Higson, P. J.; Tannahill, M. M.

doi:10.1016/0005-7967(84)90031-7

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…There is no one perfect method of assessment for chronic patients, and to the extent that different types of assessment examine different facets of a patient’s behavior, more than one type of assessment may be required (Snaith 1981). Certainly, the relationship between rating-scale data and data obtained from behavioral time-sampling techniques needs to be examined closely (Woods et al 1984). A review of 17 behavior rating scales published in the United States, plus 12 scales published elsewhere, indicated that only four of these scales met five minimal criteria relating to their construction and evaluation (Hall 1980).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

REHAB: A New Assessment Instrument for Chronic Psychiatric Patients

Baker

Hall

1988

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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The renewed interest in the care and treatment of chronic psychiatric patients has led to an awareness of the need for improved assessment methods for this group. This article describes the development of REHAB, a behavior rating scale for use with people with chronic psychiatric disability, which has been carefully designed with respect to content, format, and ease of use. The article also draws together the various factor-analytic, reliability, validity, and sensitivity-to-change studies that provide the basic psychometric evidence for the scale's value. REHAB is presented as an integrated package of materials with special attention paid to training of raters and simplicity of interpretation. It has been used for a variety of different assessment purposes, in both research and clinical settings.

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confidence: 99%

REHAB: A New Assessment Instrument for Chronic Psychiatric Patients

Baker

Hall

1988

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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“…Since the publication of the Paul and Lentz (1977) study, other researchers have continued to investigate social-learning approaches to the rehabilitation of the chronically mentally ill. In line with the work of Paul and Lentz, these authors typically find that social-learning programs result in dramatic improvements in behavior (Baker et al 1977; Fullerton, Cayner, and McLaughlin-Reidel 1978; McCreadie, Main, and Dunlop 1978; Nelson and Cone 1979; Stoffelmayr, Faulkner, and Mitchell 1979; Stone and Nelson 1979; Turner and Luber 1980; Woods, Higson, and Tannahill 1984; Wong et al 1985). Nevertheless, critical research and treatment issues remain.…”

Section: Recent Developments In Social-learning Programsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…The answer to this question has not been fully determined. Woods, Higson, and Tannahill (1984) found that there were extreme differences among patients’ maintenance of behavioral improvements when contingent tokens were changed to noncontingent tokens. Some patients showed no decrements in performance while others deteriorated almost immediately.…”

Section: Recent Developments In Social-learning Programsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Social Learning for Chronic Mental Inpatients

Glynn

Mueser

1986

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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With chronic institutionalized psychiatric patients, an intensive social learning program resulted in greater increases in adaptive functioning, reductions in bizarre behavior, less prescribed medication, and over 98 percent of patients being successfully discharged into the community. The social-learning program was more cost-effective than custodial hospital care, and nonprofessional staff were able to apply the treatment with a high degree of competence. Especially effective elements of the social-learning program included integrated procedures emphasizing the acquisition of patient skills and the reduction of bizarre, inappropriate behavior; a token economy structure; and consistent pacing and generalization training. More recent research in the area has sought to identify the remediative aspects of social-learning programs, to specify patient variables that are related to improvement in a token economy, and to offer patients more specialized interventions (e.g., social skills training) in conjunction with a standard token economy. With the demonstrated and operationalized efficacy of social-learning procedures, the rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients has become more feasible.

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“…For a number of years, one of the present authors (Higson) conducted a token economy programme with long-stay patients in a psychiatric hospital (Higson, Woods, Tannahill, & EHis, 1985;Woods, Higson, & Tannahill, 1984). Detailed analysis showed that verbal control was an integral part of this program, for example, staff provided (a) verbal prompts to initiate target behavior, (b) verbal statements, ac co mpanying token presentation, of whether or not the subject's performance of the target behavior matched the specified criteria, (c) verbal descriptions of the contingencies in operation and instructions given to subjects at group meetings, especially when a subject was new to the program, (d) brief written verbal descriptions of the contingencies posted throughout the ward (e.g., "make your bed and earn six tokens"), and (e) a full written description of the contingencies upon each new subject's introduction to the ward.…”

Section: Token Economiesmentioning

confidence: 99%