Tolerance of benthic foraminifera (Protista:Sarcodina) to hydrogen sulphide

Moodley, Leon; Schaub, Bartholomeus E.M.; Zwaan, G.J. van der; Herman, Peter M. J.

doi:10.3354/meps169077

Cited by 66 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Prolonged exposure to high H 2 S concentrations is lethal to many foraminifera (Moodley et al 1998a). Hence, it is likely that in organic rich environments such as the northern Adriatic Sea, mortality is higher at greater, H 2 S-rich sediment depths.…”

Section: Migration Versus Demographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of anoxia on the vertical migration of benthic foraminifera

Duijnstee

Ernst²,

Zwaan³

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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We present the results of a microcosm experiment in which benthic foraminifera had to re-establish microhabitat distributions under simulated anoxic and oxygenated bottom-water conditions after initial homogenization of the sediment (obtained from the northern Adriatic Sea at 32 m water depth). After 3 wk, the vertical distribution of the 12 most abundant species was assessed. These taxa could be divided into 2 distinct groups: (1) typical shallow-living species with maximum abundances in the top 2 cm of the sediment; and (2) deeper-dwelling taxa that were more homogeneously distributed throughout the sediment column. Compared to the oxygenated environment, the average living depth of all species was less under anoxic bottom-water conditions in which the group of shallow dwellers was almost restricted to the top 5 mm of the sediment. This distribution was most probably caused by negative geotaxis, induced by an external stimulus associated with anoxic conditions (e.g. high [H 2 S]). The deeper-living taxa apparently lack the ability for negative geotaxis or are less sensitive to the stimulus.

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Section: Migration Versus Demographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of anoxia on the vertical migration of benthic foraminifera

Duijnstee

Ernst²,

Zwaan³

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Some species are able to tolerate prolonged anoxia. Short-term tolerance of sulphide is also reported, based on experimental studies in which rose Bengal staining was supported by live observations (Moodley et al, 1998).…”

Section: Foraminiferamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Coastal hypoxia (defined here as <1.42 ml L −1 ; 62.5 µM; 2 mg L −1 , approx. 30% oxygen saturation) develops seasonally in many estuaries, fjords, and along open coasts as a result of natural upwelling or from anthropogenic eutrophication induced by riverine nutrient inputs. Permanent hypoxia occurs naturally in some isolated seas and marine basins as well as in open slope oxygen minimum zones. Responses of benthos to hypoxia depend on the duration, predictability, and intensity of oxygen depletion and on whether H 2 S is formed. Under suboxic conditions, large mats of filamentous sulfide oxidizing bacteria cover the seabed and consume sulfide. They are hypothesized to provide a detoxified microhabitat for eukaryotic benthic communities. Calcareous foraminiferans and nematodes are particularly tolerant of low oxygen concentrations and may attain high densities and dominance, often in association with microbial mats. When oxygen is sufficient to support metazoans, small, soft-bodied invertebrates (typically annelids), often with short generation times and elaborate branchial structures, predominate. Large taxa are more sensitive than small taxa to hypoxia. Crustaceans and echinoderms are typically more sensitive to hypoxia, with lower oxygen thresholds, than annelids, sipunculans, molluscs and cnidarians.

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“…at concentrations exceeding 10 μM for weeks; Bernhard 1993; Moodley et al 1998). In certain cases, foraminiferal populations abound in sulfide-enriched habitats, typically when trace amounts of oxygen are present (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foraminifera (rhizarian protists, Adl et al 2004) are presumed aerobes, given their consumption of oxygen (Hannah, Rogerson, and Laybourn-Parry 1994;Linke et al 1995;Nomaki et al 2007), yet observations from the past two decades suggest that at least some species are facultative anaerobes (Bernhard 1993;Bernhard, Habura, and Bowser 2006;Geslin et al 2004;Moodley et al 1997;Risgaard-Petersen et al 2006), and are capable of surviving considerable periods of sulfide enrichment (e.g. at concentrations exceeding 10 μM for weeks ;Bernhard 1993;Moodley et al 1998). In certain cases, foraminiferal populations abound in sulfide-enriched habitats, typically when trace amounts of oxygen are present (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

Peroxisome Proliferation in Foraminifera Inhabiting the Chemocline: An Adaptation to Reactive Oxygen Species Exposure?¹

Bernhard¹,

Bowser²

2008

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Certain foraminiferal species are abundant within the chemocline of marine sediments. Ultrastructurally, most of these species possess numerous peroxisomes complexed with the endoplasmic reticulum; mitochondria are often interspersed among these complexes. In the Santa Barbara Basin, pore-water bathing Foraminifera and co-occurring sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats had micromolar levels of hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species that can be detrimental to biological membranes. Experimental results indicate that adenosine triphosphate concentrations are significantly higher in Foraminifera incubated in 16 μM H 2 O 2 than in specimens incubated in the absence of H 2 O 2 . New ultrastructural and experimental observations, together with published results, lead us to propose that foraminiferans can utilize oxygen derived from the breakdown of environmentally and metabolically produced H 2 O 2 . Such a capability could explain foraminiferal adaptation to certain chemically inhospitable environments; it would also force us to reassess the role of protists in biogeochemistry, especially with respect to hydrogen and iron. The ecology of these protists also appears to be tightly linked to the sulfur cycle. Finally, given that some Foraminifera bearing peroxisome-endoplasmic reticulum complexes belong to evolutionarily basal groups, an early acquisition of the capability to use environmental H 2 O 2 could have facilitated diversification of foraminiferans during the Neoproterozoic. KeywordsAnoxia; Beggiatoa; Blake Ridge; cold seep; hydrogen peroxide; hydrogen sulfide; microbial mat; Neoproterozoic; Santa Barbara Basin; Soledad BasinThe anoxic-oxic interface and associated reduction-oxidation (redox) zone are sites at which a great variety of biogeochemical reactions occur (e.g. Brune, Frenzel, and Cypionka 2000;Hulth et al. 2005;Preisler et al. 2007). In organic-rich sedimentary settings where the overlying waters are depleted of oxygen, redox gradients are particularly steep (e.g. Røy, Huettel, and Jørgensen 2005), and hydrogen sulfide can often reach considerable concentrations within one centimeter of the aerated sediment surface (e.g. Bernhard, (Tapley, Buettner, and Shick 1999). ROS are also formed as byproducts of normal metabolic reactions in most organisms (reviewed in Genestra 2007). Prolonged ROS exposure can seriously damage many biological molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, but cells normally have protective mechanisms by which to minimize the effect of such oxidative stress (e.g. Abele et al. 1998;Genestra 2007;Lesser 2006;Sigler et al. 1999). Because H 2 O 2 is an uncharged molecule, it is less reactive than most ROS and can cross biological membranes via diffusion and/or through channel proteins such as aquaporins ( This conversion typically is mediated by catalase, a metalloenzyme containing four porphyrin heme (iron) groups that react with hydrogen peroxide, which often appears as a crystalline core in peroxisomes (e.g. Masters and Crane 1995).Foraminifera (rhizarian protis...

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Tolerance of benthic foraminifera (Protista:Sarcodina) to hydrogen sulphide

Cited by 66 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of anoxia on the vertical migration of benthic foraminifera

Effect of anoxia on the vertical migration of benthic foraminifera

Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos

Peroxisome Proliferation in Foraminifera Inhabiting the Chemocline: An Adaptation to Reactive Oxygen Species Exposure?¹

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Tolerance of benthic foraminifera (Protista:Sarcodina) to hydrogen sulphide

Cited by 66 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of anoxia on the vertical migration of benthic foraminifera

Effect of anoxia on the vertical migration of benthic foraminifera

Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos

Peroxisome Proliferation in Foraminifera Inhabiting the Chemocline: An Adaptation to Reactive Oxygen Species Exposure?1

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Peroxisome Proliferation in Foraminifera Inhabiting the Chemocline: An Adaptation to Reactive Oxygen Species Exposure?¹