Tolerance of growing pigs to trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan)

Abstract

Abstract:The threshold level of growing pigs to trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors was investigated by adding graded levels of meals rich in these inhibitors to diets and recording responses. Diets were formulated to contain either 250, 500 or 750 g kg-' of Opal chickpea, dehulled Tyson chickpea or dehulled pigeonpea meals and pig response compared to that of pigs given a wheat and soya-bean meal control. Trypsin inhibitor levels (mg g-l) of the diets were, respectively, control, 0.2; chickpea meal 1, 1.2-3.2; chickpea meal 2, 1.74.7; pigeonpea meal, 1.43.6. Chymotrypsin inhibitor levels (mg g-') of the diets were, respectively, control, 0.2; chickpea meal 1, 0.9-2.2; chickpea meal 2, 16-45; pigeonpea meal, 08-2.1. The diets were offered ad libitum over the 20-50 kg growth phase. Growth responses of the pigs fed the two chickpea meals were similar to those of the pigs fed the control soya-bean meal diet (P > 0.05). In contrast, the addition of pigeonpea meal linearly depressed growth rate (P < 0.001), feed intake (P < 0.05) and increased the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). inclusion levels of the chickpea meals had no effect on organ weights, whereas the inclusion of pigeonpea meal significantly affected the weights of the liver and pancreas (P < 0.05), indicating the presence of other anti-nutritional factors. The results indicate that the growing pig can tolerate dietary levels of at least 4.7 and 4.5 mg g-' of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, respectively. These threshold levels are unlikely to be exceeded in conventional diets containing the majority of grain legumes. The results also indicate that dehulled pigeonpea meal contains an anti-nutritional factor(s) for growing pigs.

Digestibility of Soybean and Pigeon Pea Seed Meals and Morphological Intestinal Alterations in Pigs

“…The trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors (4.8 and 2.7 mg g -1 respectively) were in higher concentrations in the PM diet than in the SM (0.26 and 0.00 mg g -1 , respectively) [2]. The trypsin inhibitor activity of PM (26 unit mg -1 ) was 10 times that of SM [34], resulting in the decreased growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency in pigs fed the PM diet [2]. The present decreased growth performance of PM group might be induced by anti-nutritional factors in raw PM, because the raw PM was only crushing.…”

“…Furthermore, the decreased growth performance of the PM group seems to be affected by anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in raw PM [9,28]. The trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors (4.8 and 2.7 mg g -1 respectively) were in higher concentrations in the PM diet than in the SM (0.26 and 0.00 mg g -1 , respectively) [2]. The trypsin inhibitor activity of PM (26 unit mg -1 ) was 10 times that of SM [34], resulting in the decreased growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency in pigs fed the PM diet [2].…”

“…Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is a perennial legume indigenous to tropical and sub-tropical regions, and pigeon pea seed meal (PM) has been studied widely from nutritional [20,30] and growth performance [4,7,20] standpoints. Although its use is limited by the higher content of anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors than SM [2,34], Ene-Obong [7] has reported that such anti-nutritional factors do not cause problems in animals based on in vitro protein digestibility. In feeding experiments, PM could substitute SM in diets for pig based on growth performance [20].…”

Effects of a charcoal powder–wood vinegar compound solution in piglets for raw pigeon pea seed meal

“…seeds have a great potential as an important protein source (Cheva-Isarakul, 1992;Oshodi et al, 1993) and every effort has been made to use pigeon pea seed meal (PM) for chickens (Mizubuti et al, 1995), pigs (Batterham et al, 1993;Mekbungwan et al, 1999) and lambs (Rao and Phillips, 2001). However, the efficacy of PM is limited by the presence of protease inhibitors such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors (Batterham et al, 1993).…”

“…seeds have a great potential as an important protein source (Cheva-Isarakul, 1992;Oshodi et al, 1993) and every effort has been made to use pigeon pea seed meal (PM) for chickens (Mizubuti et al, 1995), pigs (Batterham et al, 1993;Mekbungwan et al, 1999) and lambs (Rao and Phillips, 2001). However, the efficacy of PM is limited by the presence of protease inhibitors such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors (Batterham et al, 1993). To improve the nutritional quality of PM, these antinutritional factors can be eliminated by heating (Singh, 1988;Mekbungwan and Yamauchi, 2004), boiling (Rani et al, 1996), roasting (Simoongwe, 1998), extraction (Benjakul et al, 2000) and cooking (Aarti et al, 2001), resulting in improved protein and starch digestibility (Rani et al, 1996).…”