Tolerance of pain as a measure of fear

Rakover, Sam S.

doi:10.1016/0023-9690(75)90034-x

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Similarly, psychologists have attempted to define theoretical terms such as fear by connecting them to stimulus, response, and other theoretical terms. However, while different measurements of G in different situations resulted in the same value, measurements of fear in different situations resulted in different behavioral indexes, which aroused contradictory theoretical interpretations (e.g., Rakover, 1975Rakover, , 1980Schwartz, 1989). Furthermore, the attempt to grasp consciousness as a theoretical term (that cannot be observed directly and is defined in terms of its relations with stimuli, responses and other theoretical terms) is problematic.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychology as an Associational Science: A Methodological Viewpoint

Rakover¹

2012

OJPP

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Unlike the sciences (physics), psychology has not developed in any of its areas (such as perception, learning, cognition) a top-theory like Newtonian theory, the theory of relativity, or quantum theory in physics. This difference is explained by a methodological discrepancy between the sciences and psychology, which centers on the measurement procedure: in psychology, measurement units similar to those in physics have not been discovered. Based on the arguments supporting this claim, a methodological distinction is made between the sciences and psychology as an associational science. It is suggested that that these two kinds of science generate two different classes of technologies. The possibility that in psychology there is a connection between the issue of measurement and the unsolved consciousness/brain problem is discussed.

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Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychology as an Associational Science: A Methodological Viewpoint

Rakover¹

2012

OJPP

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“…Consciousness is a very complex and controversial concept (e.g., Gennaro, , 2017Gulick, 2017). In comparison, the emotion of fear has, under different conditions, several behavioral expressions (escape, freeze, or attack) (e.g., Rakover, 1975), but except in the extreme case where a patient is not aware of an object that is detected easily by a normal person, no such behavioral response exists for consciousness. For the present paper I will refer to consciousness as it is expressed by the following example.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Consciousness Unit (CU) Model

Rakover¹

2019

cbi

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The present paper attempts to handle the question how an unconscious mental state (MS) is transformed into a conscious-MS, by developing an outline of a new model, the conscious unit (CU) model. The essential assumption of this model is as follows. In the cognitive system there is an inborn, special linking-mechanism that links to a MS a CU, i.e., a unit of consciousness (or a stream of such units when the represented by the MS is complex). As a result, the individual becomes aware (conscious) of the represented by the MS. This model was applied successfully to certain empirical observations and to several problems, which were directed toward the higher-order (HO) theories of consciousness [especially the higher-order thought (HOT) theory].

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“…In the barpress-avoidance situation, freezing and withdrawal are incompatible with the avoidance response required. In the shuttle-avoidance situation, withdrawal is compatible with the avoidance response, since both withdrawal and avoidance involve the rat's escaping from the fear compartment to the safe adjacent one (e.g., Blanchard & Blanchard, 1969;Kreickhaus, Miller, & Zimmerman, 1965;Rakover, 1975Rakover, , 1980Rakover, , 1984.…”

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confidence: 99%

Latent avoidance learning: Positive transfer from barpress to shuttle avoidance and vice versa

Rakover

1986

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Rats typically show very slow improvement on barpress-avoidance tasks, but they show rapid improvement on shuttle-avoidance tasks. This phenomenon can be due either to an inability of rats to learn barpress avoidance or to interference from competing responses (e.g., freezing and withdrawal) that hinder the performance ofthe barprcss-avoidance response, but not the shuttleavoidance response. The results of the present experiment, which employed a transfer of learning design from barpress avoidance to shuttle avoidance and vice versa, support the latter hypothesis.

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Tolerance of pain as a measure of fear

Cited by 9 publications

References 32 publications

Psychology as an Associational Science: A Methodological Viewpoint

Psychology as an Associational Science: A Methodological Viewpoint

The Consciousness Unit (CU) Model

Latent avoidance learning: Positive transfer from barpress to shuttle avoidance and vice versa

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