Tolerance to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 glycosides from Solanum glaucophyllum by the growing pig

Abstract

Solanum glaucophyllum leaves contain high levels of glycosidically bound 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, the most important vitamin D metabolite. The tolerance to this source was evaluated during six weeks with fifty weaned pigs fed increasing levels (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20μg 1,25(OH)D/kg diet). The diet contained, per kg, 9.7g Ca, 3.5g digestible P and 2000IU cholecalciferol. Ten additional pigs were fed a diet containing 1000IU cholecalciferol/kg, without 1,25(OH)D. Weekly plasma and final kidney, bone and urinary mineral contents, bone density and breaking strength served as indicators for possible adverse effects of the supplement. All animals grew well and remained clinically healthy. The measured parameters remained unchanged when 1000 replaced 2000IU cholecalciferol/kg and when 1,25(OH)D was fed up to 10μg/kg. Twenty μg 1,25(OH)D increased plasma Ca and decreased plasma P from the 2 and the 4 experimental week onwards, respectively. Twenty μg 1,25(OH)D increased final plasma Ca and 1,25(OH)D and reduced final plasma P by respectively 19, 56 and 13%. Twenty μg 1,25(OH)D also increased kidney Ca and urinary Ca by 43 and 69%, respectively, reduced bone breaking strength by 12% and tended to decrease bone ash by 3%. To conclude, 2000IU D was not beneficial compared to 1000IU cholecalciferol; up to 10μg 1,25(OH)D per kg diet did not lead to observed adverse effects; 20μg 1,25(OH)D altered the homeostatic regulation of Ca and P thus, may lead to first signs of possible adverse effects, such as soft tissue calcification.

Effect of supplementing sows with <i>Solanum glaucophyllum</i>, a natural source of calcitriol, on farrowing performance, piglet survival and litter performance

“…The SG sows in the present experiment received approximately 6 μg/day of calcitriol, which is equivalent to 0.02 μg/kg live weight per day for an average sow weight of 300 kg. This dosage is 15-fold lower than the reported teratogenic dosage for rabbits (McClain et al, 1980), 10-fold below the acceptable dosage for broilers (Bachmann et al, 2013) and about 20-fold below the acceptable dosage for growing pigs (Schlegel et al, 2017). Yet, it may be that the fetotoxicity of S. glaucophyllum (or at least of calcitriol) is greater in pigs than in rabbits or that other constituents of S. glaucophyllum were (slightly) detrimental with respect to intrauterine death.…”

“…An increased blood calcium level, but a concomitant reduced tibia strength were observed in growing pigs receiving a cholecalciferol dosage of 2000 IU (50 μg) per kg feed together with S. glaucophyllum at the level providing of about 1 μg calcitriol/kg live weight (Schlegel et al, 2017). Besides calcitriol, the presence of oestrogens and oestrogen binding receptors in S. glaucophyllum (Milanesi et al, 2001) may also modulate uterine contractions at parturition (Mueller et al, 2006).…”

Bone traits and gastrointestinal tract parameters of piglets fed cholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol glycoside

“…In a recent study, Schlegel et al (2017) used cholecalciferol alone or combined with increasing levels of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 glycoside in piglet feeding and found differences between treatments on tibial strength, in which the highest level of glycoside supplementation presented similar strength to treatment with cholecalciferol alone; however, density was not different between treatments.…”

“…Thus, vitamin D has the ability to regulate bone development (Schlegel et al, 2017). Although several studies have been conducted to assess the effects of vitamin D, more information is needed to investigate the different forms of vitamin D on gastrointestinal tract and organ function parameters.…”

Impact of supplementation with dihydroxylated vitamin D3 on performance parameters and gut health in weaned Iberian piglets under indoor/outdoor conditions

“…Calcitriol is the physiologically active metabolite and the molecule responsible for most of vitamin D actions [ 7 ]. This metabolite is naturally presented in the leaves or extracts of different plants, such as Solanum glaucophyllum (white peach), and has demonstrated a high bioavailability in pigs [ 8 ].…”