“…mice. However, MyD88 signaling is not only involved in the TLR9-dependent development of anti-nucleosome IgG2c and IgG2b autoantibodies but also in cell maturation via other TLRs (e.g., TLR7) (7-12, 14, 15, 17, 40, 41 analyzed by CD5 expression at day 7. that B-1b cells have a tolerogenic function, but underlying mechanisms have been unknown (44,45 Taken together, our data suggest that the tolerogenic function of MyD88-dependent TLR9 signaling is mediated by the production of self-reactive serum IgM Abs by peritoneal B-1b cells, which protects from uncontrolled accumulation of Th17 cells and severe autoimmunity. These findings provide new insight in the tolerogenic function of TLR9, B-1b cells, and self-reactive IgM to control autoimmunity and have implications for the development of TLR ligand-dependent therapies and B cell depletion protocols as a treatment for autoimmunity.…”