Toll‐like receptors in health and disease

Abstract

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are inflammatory triggers and belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are central to the regulation of host protective adaptive immune responses. Activation of TLRs in innate immune myeloid cells directs lymphocytes to produce the most appropriate effector responses to eliminate infection and maintain homeostasis of the body's internal environment. Inappropriate TLR stimulation can lead to the development of general autoimmune diseases as well as chronic and acute inflammation, and even cancer. Therefore, TLRs are expected to be targets for therapeutic treatment of inflammation‐related diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections, and human cancers. This review summarizes the recent discoveries in the molecular and structural biology of TLRs. The role of different TLR signaling pathways in inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and even cancers (oral, gastric, breast, colorectal) is highlighted and summarizes new drugs and related clinical treatments in clinical trials, providing an overview of the potential and prospects of TLRs for the treatment of TLR‐related diseases.

From pancreas to lungs: The role of immune cells in severe acute pancreatitis and acute lung injury

“…When DAMPs bind to PRRs, certain signaling pathways are triggered, which regulate the partitioning of macrophages. 65 TLRs are the most common type of PRR, with 11 functioning TLRs found in the human body. 66 TLRs, which are type I transmembrane proteins with three main structural regions, are found on the surface of immune cells like macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and lymphocytes, as well as in a wide range of organs like the liver, kidney, pancreas, and intestinal tissues.…”

The identification of toll-like receptor genes in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea): provides insights into its environmental adaptation to biological and abiotic stresses

“…To date, studies have shown that TLRs bear the responsibility of playing important roles in innate immunity in organisms (Verma et al, 2024). Innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), are activated when the immune system detects microorganisms through a variety of receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are encoded by germ-line genes and recognize a wide range of microbial structures (Wang et al, 2024). Up to now, many PRRs have been found, including C-type lectin receptors, scavenger receptors (SR), intracellular receptors, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and b-1, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules (Dscam) (Tran et al, 2019).…”