Toll-like receptors in maraena whitefish: Evolutionary relationship among salmonid fishes and patterns of response to Aeromonas salmonicida

Adverse Husbandry of Maraena Whitefish Directs the Immune System to Increase Mobilization of Myeloid Cells and Proinflammatory Responses

“…On the basis of those data, we hypothesize that the cytokines IL1B, CXCL8 , and TNF may plausibly be responsible for the expression of several further genes in whitefish under HD compared with MD conditions. As in salmonid fish, IL1B (71, 72), CXCL8 (73, 74), and TNF (75) serve as key proinflammatory mediators after pathogen invasion (76–79) and stress (17, 80, 81). We chose this as a starting point for the in vitro stimulation of head kidney leukocytes with A. salmonicida to study the influence of crowding on the induction of cytokine expression.…”

TLR2 gene in seahorse brood pouch plays key functional roles in LPS‐induced antibacterial responses

“…TLRs belong to a multigene family that encodes important receptors to recognize a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands (Gordon, ; Roach et al, ). They are crucial to innate immunity because they directly interact with particular pathogenic structures (Altmann et al, ). Signal transduction by the TLRs is central to host defence against many pathogenic microorganisms (Gay, Symmons, Monique, & Bryant, ).…”

“…Signal transduction by the TLRs is central to host defence against many pathogenic microorganisms (Gay, Symmons, Monique, & Bryant, ). Genomes of some vertebrate species encode a panel of TLRs, each with a slightly different structure that affects its specificity for certain ligands (Altmann et al, ). Thus, understanding how TLRs contribute to innate immunity in seahorse brood pouches would address attractive issues.…”

Innate immunity of carp : fishing for receptors

“…presence of leucine-rich repeats, a TIR domain, and the topology of type-I transmembrane proteins. Two very recent examples of the outcome of genome studies are the identification of a suite of 14 tlr genes in maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena), a salmonid species (Altmann et al, 2016), and an analysis of the tlr repertoire of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) (Solbakken et al, 2016). The case of maraena whitefish appears to be a classic example with seven orthologs of mammalian TLRs (TLR1, -2, -3, -5, -7, -8, -9) and three fishspecific tlrs (tlr19, -21, and -22), some of which are duplicated and some of which are only partial sequences (Altmann et al, 2016).…”

“…Two very recent examples of the outcome of genome studies are the identification of a suite of 14 tlr genes in maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena), a salmonid species (Altmann et al, 2016), and an analysis of the tlr repertoire of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) (Solbakken et al, 2016). The case of maraena whitefish appears to be a classic example with seven orthologs of mammalian TLRs (TLR1, -2, -3, -5, -7, -8, -9) and three fishspecific tlrs (tlr19, -21, and -22), some of which are duplicated and some of which are only partial sequences (Altmann et al, 2016). In contrast, the case of Atlantic cod clearly is a non-classical example: the genome of Atlantic cod has undergone dramatic changes compared to other vertebrate genomes; while most PRR families (collectin, pentraxin, retinoic acid-inducible (RIG) 1-like, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like families) are well conserved, there are major differences in the Tlr family.…”