Tonga eruption triggered waves propagating globally from surface to edge of space

Impacts of the January 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption on the Ionospheric Dynamo: ICON‐MIGHTI and Swarm Observations of Extreme Neutral Winds and Currents

“…According to the parameters reported by Wright et al. (2022) (318 m/s phase speed originating in Tonga at 04:28 UT), the lower atmospheric Lamb wave reached the dayside around 13 UT at low/mid‐latitudes. Amores et al.…”

“…Wright et al. (2022) presented ionospheric TIDs with phase speeds, horizontal wavelengths, and arrival times inconsistent with the Lamb wave, speculating that the observed TEC signatures likely arrived by indirect paths from Tonga. The signal can also be transmitted to the opposite hemisphere, which has been proposed to explain the appearance of TIDs over Japan ahead of the Lamb wave (Lin et al., 2022).…”

“…Isolated disturbances such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and solar eclipses, as well as explosions from volcanoes, nuclear detonations, and meteor air bursts can offer discrete tests for models of atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling and variability (Aryal et al., 2020; Astafyeva, 2019; Inchin, Snively, et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021; Zettergren & Snively, 2019). The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (hereafter Tonga) volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022 generated atmospheric disturbances from the ground to the ionosphere (Adam, 2022; Wright et al., 2022). A typical wave mode excited by impulsive events in the lower atmosphere is the Lamb wave, an acoustic nondispersive edge wave (Bretherton, 1969; Garrett, 1969; Nishida et al., 2014).…”

“…Initial Total Electron Content (TEC) observations have reported Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) propagating globally for many hours and even days after the Tonga eruption (Aa et al, 2022;Lin et al, 2022;Themens et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022). Estimates of the horizontal wavelength of TIDs in the far field (i.e., at distances >3,000 km from the eruption) range from 300 to 1,000 km (Wright et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022). Additionally, Soares et al (2022) reported oscillations of the geomagnetic field observed by a ground-based magnetometer 835 km from Tonga, which are attributed to short-period modulation (3-5 min) of ionospheric currents.…”

Rapid Conjugate Appearance of the Giant Ionospheric Lamb Wave Signatures in the Northern Hemisphere After Hunga‐Tonga Volcano Eruptions

“…The filtered TECs, projected to their conjugate hemisphere using magnetic apex coordinates (Emmert et al., 2010; Richmond, 1995), are also shown using a different colormap. Overplotted red‐dashed circle indicates the propagation of the Lamb wave at ∼315 m/s (Wright et al., 2022), calculated using atmospheric parameters from NCEP reanalysis (Kalnay et al., 1996) and NRLMSISE‐00 model (Picone et al., 2002). According to Sekizawa and Kohyama (2022), the air pressure disturbances arrived in Japan at ∼1100UT, consistent with the estimated arrival time indicated by the dashed circle.…”