Tonicity of oral rehydration solutions affects water, mineral and acid–base balance in calves with naturally occurring diarrhoea

Wilms, J.N.; Engelking, L.E.; Leal, L.N.; Martín-Tereso, J.

doi:10.1111/jpn.13405

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…It should be noted that the sodium concentration of cow's milk is relatively low with a mean value of 28 mmol/L in healthy quarters ( 119 , 120 ), and milk cannot provide the sodium intake required in dehydrated calves with diarrhea. Oral electrolyte solutions with sodium concentrations < 90 mmol/L also provide an inadequate sodium load; conversely, sodium concentrations > 130 mmol/L can result in hypernatremia and additional free water loss ( 7 ), particularly if mixed into milk replacer solutions that often have a higher sodium concentration than whole milk ( 121 , 122 ).…”

Section: Oral Fluid Therapy In Neonatal Calves With Diarrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The additional glucose load in these calves may lead to intestinal fermentation if unabsorbed, or glycosuria if hyperglycemia exceeds the renal threshold [140–160 mg/dl] for glucose in neonatal calves [ Figure 13 , ( 102 )]. This would be accompanied by the additional loss of free water in the feces or urine ( 121 , 122 ). Whether an OES should contain agents such as glutamine or butyrate that have the potential to assist in repairing damaged intestinal epithelium is being actively researched.…”

Section: Oral Fluid Therapy In Neonatal Calves With Diarrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea or Sepsis and in Adult Cattle

et al. 2021

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Optimal fluid therapy protocols in neonatal calves and adult cattle are based on consideration of signalment, history, and physical examination findings, and individually tailored whenever laboratory analysis is available. Measurement of the magnitude of eye recession, duration of skin tenting in the lateral neck region, and urine specific gravity by refractometry provide the best estimates of hydration status in calves and cattle. Intravenous and oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are frequently administered to critically ill calves and adult cattle. Application of physicochemical principles indicates that 0.9% NaCl, Ringer's solution, and 5% dextrose are equally acidifying, lactated Ringer's and acetated Ringer's solution are neutral to mildly acidifying, and 1.3–1.4% sodium bicarbonate solutions are strongly alkalinizing in cattle. Four different crystalloid solutions are recommended for intravenous fluid therapy in dehydrated or septic calves and dehydrated adult cattle: (1) lactated Ringer's solution and acetated Ringer's solution for dehydrated calves, although neither solution is optimized for administration to neonatal calves or adult cattle; (2) isotonic (1.3%) or hypertonic (5.0 or 8.4%) solutions of sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of calves with diarrhea and severe strong ion (metabolic) acidosis and hyponatremia, and adult cattle with acute ruminal acidosis; (3) Ringer's solution for the treatment of metabolic alkalosis in dehydrated adult cattle, particularly lactating dairy cattle; and (4) hypertonic NaCl solutions (7.2%) and an oral electrolyte solution or water load for the rapid resuscitation of dehydrated neonatal calves and adult cattle. Much progress has been made since the 1970's in identifying important attributes of an OES for diarrheic calves. Important components of an OES for neonatal calves are osmolality, sodium concentration, the effective SID that reflects the concentration of alkalinizing agents, and the energy content. The last three factors are intimately tied to the OES osmolality and the abomasal emptying rate, and therefore the rate of sodium delivery to the small intestine and ultimately the rate of resuscitation. An important need in fluid and electrolyte therapy for adult ruminants is formulation of a practical, effective, and inexpensive OES.

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Section: Oral Fluid Therapy In Neonatal Calves With Diarrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oral Fluid Therapy In Neonatal Calves With Diarrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea or Sepsis and in Adult Cattle

et al. 2021

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“…This was reflected by the higher percentage of calves that received therapeutic interventions for diarrhea in this group (29%). In addition, WP calves also had lower blood acid-base, gas, and Na + concentrations, usually associated with metabolic acidosis in calves with diarrhea (Trefz et al, 2012;Wilms et al, 2020b). The lower blood acid-base values in WP calves may also be related to the lower strong ion difference (SID) of the WP treatment compared with MR solutions, as high SID is known to alkalinize blood of calves (Wilms et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, WP calves also had lower blood acid-base, gas, and Na + concentrations, usually associated with metabolic acidosis in calves with diarrhea (Trefz et al, 2012;Wilms et al, 2020b). The lower blood acid-base values in WP calves may also be related to the lower strong ion difference (SID) of the WP treatment compared with MR solutions, as high SID is known to alkalinize blood of calves (Wilms et al, 2020b). However, the association between low blood acid-base and Na + concentrations and increased diarrhea treatment does not allow to solely attribute these differences to MR SID.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macronutrient profile in milk replacer or a whole milk powder modulates growth performance, feeding behavior, and blood metabolites in ad libitum-fed calves

Wilms

Ghaffari

Steele

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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Milk replacers (MR) for calves usually contain more lactose and less fat than bovine whole milk (WM). There are insufficient data to determine whether these MR formulations are optimal for calves fed at high planes of nutrition. Thus, the effect of 3 MR formulations and a WM powder were evaluated on growth, feeding behavior, and blood metabolites in 96 male Holstein calves fed ad libitum and with 45.5 ± 4.30 kg (mean ± SD) BW at arrival. Calves were blocked based on arrival sequence, and randomly assigned within block to one of the 4 treatments (n = 24 calves/ group): a high-fat MR (25.0% fat, dry matter basis; 22.5% protein, 38.6% lactose; 21.3 MJ/kg; HF), a high lactose MR (44.6% lactose, 22.5% protein, 18.0% fat; 19.7 MJ/kg; HL), a high protein MR (26.0% protein, 18.0% fat, 41.5% lactose; 20.0 MJ/kg; HP), and a WM powder (26.0% fat; 24.5% protein, 38.0% lactose; 21.6 MJ/kg; WP). In the first 2 wk after arrival, calves were individually housed and were fed 3.0 L of their respective liquid feed 3 times daily at 135 g/L. They were then moved to group housing and fed ad libitum until d 42 after arrival. Weaning was gradual and took place between d 43 and 70 after arrival; thereafter, calves were fed solids only. Concentrates, chopped straw, and water were available ad libitum throughout the study. Body weight was measured, and blood was collected at arrival and then weekly thereafter from wk 1 to 12. Weight gain and height were greater in HL than WP calves. In the preweaning phase, HL and HP-fed calves consumed more milk than WP, and HL-fed calves consumed more milk than HF calves. In wk 10, starter feed intakes were lower in HF calves than in the other groups. In the preweaning phase, ME intakes were the same for all treatments. This suggests that milk intakes were regulated by the energy density of the milk supplied. The percentage of calves requiring therapeutic interventions related to diarrhea was greater in WP-fed calves (29%) than HF and HL calves (4%), whereas HP (13%) did not differ with other groups. This was coupled with lower blood acid-base, blood gas, and blood sodium in WP than in MR-fed calves. Calves fed HF had greater serum nonesterified fatty acids compared with other groups, and greater serum amyloid A compared with WP and HL calves. Among the serum parameters, insulin-like growth factor-1 and lactate dehydrogenase correlated positively with ME intake and average daily gain. The high lactose and protein intakes in HL and HP calves led to greater insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations than in WP-fed calves. Although growth differences were limited among MR groups, the metabolic profile largely differed and these differences require further investigation.

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“…[ 21 ] reported no significant differences when comparing an ORBS with a SID of 150 mM and 300 mM. More recent studies [ 33 , 35 ] evaluated the efficacy of different ORBS with SID concentrations in the range of 74–83 mM and although they report a comparative improvement in the acid-base status of the treated calves, it should be noted that, relative to the current study, the treatments were carried out over several days [ 33 ] and the calves were not acidaemic (mean blood pH value above lower reference limit) before the treatment [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the optimal strong ion difference concentration of an oral electrolyte and buffering solution for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea

Krump

Sayers

Kennedy

et al. 2021

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Tonicity of oral rehydration solutions affects water, mineral and acid–base balance in calves with naturally occurring diarrhoea

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 12 publications

References 40 publications

Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea or Sepsis and in Adult Cattle

Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea or Sepsis and in Adult Cattle

Macronutrient profile in milk replacer or a whole milk powder modulates growth performance, feeding behavior, and blood metabolites in ad libitum-fed calves

Evaluation of the optimal strong ion difference concentration of an oral electrolyte and buffering solution for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea

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