Tonsil Epithelial Factors May Influence Oropharyngeal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission

Moutsopoulos, Niki M.; Nares, Salvador; Nikitakis, Nikolaos G.; Rangel, Zoila G.; Wen, Jie; Munson, Peter J.; Sauk, John J.; Wahl, Sharon M.

doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.061006

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…For example, several studies have concluded that SLPI levels are decreased in cervical secretions and saliva of HIV-1 infected individuals. 29-33 However, other studies have indicated that HIV-1 infection may increase salivary SLPI. 40,41 For these reasons, in the current study we chose to investigate SLPI levels in an HIV + cohort to reduce potential confounding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Expression and High-Risk HPV Infection in Anal Lesions of HIV-Positive Patients

Nicol

Brunette

Nuovo

et al. 2016

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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Objective The aim of the current study was to evaluate secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) expression in anal biopsies from HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals, and compare that to anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) diagnoses and human papillomavirus (HPV) status. Design This is a cross-sectional study of a cohort of 54 HIV+ (31 males and 23 females) from an AIDS clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods The study material consisted of anorectal tissue biopsies obtained from HIV+ subjects, which were used to construct tissue microarray paraffin blocks for immunohistochemical analysis of SLPI expression. Biopsies were evaluated by an expert pathologist and classified as low-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN1), high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN2/3), or normal squamous epithelium. Additionally, DNA from the biopsies was extracted and analyzed for the presence of low- or high-risk HPV DNA. Results Histologically normal squamous epithelium from the anorectal region showed strong positive SLPI staining in 17/20 (85%) samples. In comparison, 9/17 (53%) dysplastic squamous epithelial samples from AIN1 patients showed strong SLPI staining, and only 5/17 (29%) samples from AIN2-3 patients exhibited strong SPLI staining, which both were significantly fewer than those from normal tissue (p=0.005). Furthermore, there was a significantly higher proportion of samples in which oncogenic high-risk HPV genotypes were detected in low SLPI expressing tissues than that in tissues with high SLPI expression (p=0.040). Conclusion Taken together these results suggest that low SLPI expression is associated with high-risk HPV infections in the development of AIN.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Expression and High-Risk HPV Infection in Anal Lesions of HIV-Positive Patients

Nicol

Brunette

Nuovo

et al. 2016

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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“…These findings suggest that EBV glycoproteins may not play major roles in viral macropinocytosis from the apical surface of tonsil epithelial cells and that other mechanisms could be involved in this process. It has been reported that tonsil epithelium expresses the Fc receptor FC␥III (121), which may facilitate apical to basolateral transcytosis of IgG-coated EBV virions. A similar mechanism has been shown for HCMV: the neonatal Fc receptor facilitates apical to basolateral transcytosis of IgG-coated HCMV in placental epithelial cells (56).…”

Section: Cd19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epstein-Barr Virus Transcytosis through Polarized Oral Epithelial Cells

Tugizov

Herrera

Palefsky

2013

J Virol

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Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an orally transmitted virus, viral transmission through the oropharyngeal mucosal epithelium is not well understood. In this study, we investigated how EBV traverses polarized human oral epithelial cells without causing productive infection. We found that EBV may be transcytosed through oral epithelial cells bidirectionally, from both the apical to the basolateral membranes and the basolateral to the apical membranes. Apical to basolateral EBV transcytosis was substantially reduced by amiloride, an inhibitor of macropinocytosis. Electron microscopy showed that virions were surrounded by apical surface protrusions and that virus was present in subapical vesicles. Inactivation of signaling molecules critical for macropinocytosis, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, myosin light-chain kinase, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, p21-activated kinase 1, ADP-ribosylation factor 6, and cell division control protein 42 homolog, led to significant reduction in EBV apical to basolateral transcytosis. In contrast, basolateral to apical EBV transcytosis was substantially reduced by nystatin, an inhibitor of caveolin-mediated virus entry. Caveolae were detected in the basolateral membranes of polarized human oral epithelial cells, and virions were detected in caveosome-like endosomes. Methyl ␤-cyclodextrin, an inhibitor of caveola formation, reduced EBV basolateral entry. EBV virions transcytosed in either direction were able to infect B lymphocytes. Together, these data show that EBV transmigrates across oral epithelial cells by (i) apical to basolateral transcytosis, potentially contributing to initial EBV penetration that leads to systemic infection, and (ii) basolateral to apical transcytosis, which may enable EBV secretion into saliva in EBV-infected individuals.

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“…In healthy individuals, these normal flora prevent colonization by invading organisms by changing the local pH, by producing bacteriocins, and by providing a mechanical barrier that prevents adherence to mucosal surfaces (2,4,5). The oropharynx is also a reservoir for several viruses, including HIV, as well as for papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr virus, which are associated with oropharyngeal carcinomas (6)(7)(8)(9). Although oropharyngeal and oral microbes in general have been studied extensively using culturing and 16S sequencing, little is known about viral communities in the oropharyngeal spaces of healthy individuals (1,(10)(11)(12)(13).…”

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confidence: 99%

Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

Willner¹,

Furlan²,

Schmieder³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

129

118

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The human oropharynx is a reservoir for many potential pathogens, including streptococcal species that cause endocarditis. Although oropharyngeal microbes have been well described, viral communities are essentially uncharacterized. We conducted a metagenomic study to determine the composition of oropharyngeal DNA viral communities (both phage and eukaryotic viruses) in healthy individuals and to evaluate oropharyngeal swabs as a rapid method for viral detection. Viral DNA was extracted from 19 pooled oropharyngeal swabs and sequenced. Viral communities consisted almost exclusively of phage, and complete genomes of several phage were recovered, including Escherichia coli phage T3, Propionibacterium acnes phage PA6, and Streptococcus mitis phage SM1. Phage relative abundances changed dramatically depending on whether samples were chloroform treated or filtered to remove microbial contamination. pblA and pblB genes of phage SM1 were detected in the metagenomes. pblA and pblB mediate the attachment of S. mitis to platelets and play a significant role in S. mitis virulence in the endocardium, but have never previously been detected in the oral cavity. These genes were also identified in salivary metagenomes from three individuals at three time points and in individual saliva samples by PCR. Additionally, we demonstrate that phage SM1 can be induced by commonly ingested substances. Our results indicate that the oral cavity is a reservoir for pblA and pblB genes and for phage SM1 itself. Further studies will determine the association between pblA and pblB genes in the oral cavity and the risk of endocarditis.endocarditis | metagenomics | oropharyngeal viruses | phage-encoded virulence | streptococcal phage

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Tonsil Epithelial Factors May Influence Oropharyngeal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission

Cited by 16 publications

References 45 publications

Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Expression and High-Risk HPV Infection in Anal Lesions of HIV-Positive Patients

Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Expression and High-Risk HPV Infection in Anal Lesions of HIV-Positive Patients

Epstein-Barr Virus Transcytosis through Polarized Oral Epithelial Cells

Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

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