Too clean for comfort.

Susman, Ed

doi:10.1289/ehp.109-a18b

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 0 publications

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“…The trend profile of these specific dioxin congeners did not correlate with the trend profile of the higher-chlorinated dioxin homologues or any chlorinated furan homologues, suggesting a unique source. These results are fully consistent with the phototransformation of triclosan and its chlorinated derivatives that form during wastewater chlorine disinfection as the source of 2,8- DCDD,2,3,1,2,and 1,2,3, environment. As the levels of triclosan-derived dioxins increased over time and the total level of chlorinated dioxins decreased, the contribution of triclosan-derived dioxins to the total dioxin pool increased to as high as 31% by mass in recent years, indicating that their contribution to total dioxin toxicity may need consideration.…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

“…One of the solar photolysis products of triclosan in water, however, is the chlorinated dioxin, 2,8dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD) (15)(16)(17) (Figure 1). Analogous to triclosan, 4-Cl-TCS, 6-Cl-TCS, and 4,6-Cl-TCS photochemically react to form 2,3,7-trichlorodibenzo-pdioxin (2,3,7-TriCDD), 1,2,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,, and 1,2,3,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,8-TCDD), respectively, under solar irradiation (Figure 1) (15,18). The dioxin products from the CTDs are potentially of greater concern than 2,8-DCDD formed directly from triclosan, because dioxin receptor binding/toxicity increases with chlorine substitution in the lateral positions (19,20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dioxin Photoproducts of Triclosan and Its Chlorinated Derivatives in Sediment Cores

Buth

Steen

Sueper

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

131

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Triclosan, a widely used antimicrobial, is known to undergo phototransformation in aqueous solution to form 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD). Two sediment cores from a wastewater-impacted depositional zone of the Mississippi River were analyzed for triclosan by ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-Q(3)) and for a suite of polychlorinated dioxins and furans by high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS) to provide evidence of this photoreaction in the environment. 2,8-DCDD was detected at levels that trended with the historical use of triclosan since its introduction in the 1960s. Three other dioxin congeners, 2,3,7-TCDD, 1,2,8-TriCDD, and 1,2,3,8-TCDD, which are known photoproducts of chlorinated derivatives of triclosan, were also detected with similar trend profiles. These four congeners comprised the majority of di- through tetra-chlorinated dioxins. The trend profile of these specific dioxin congeners did not correlate with the trend profile of the higher-chlorinated dioxin homologues or any chlorinated furan homologues, suggesting a unique source. These results are fully consistent with the phototransformation of triclosan and its chlorinated derivatives that form during wastewater chlorine disinfection as the source of 2,8-DCDD, 2,3,7-TriCDD, 1,2,8-TriCDD, and 1,2,3,8-TCDD in this aquatic environment. As the levels of triclosan-derived dioxins increased over time and the total level of chlorinated dioxins decreased, the contribution of triclosan-derived dioxins to the total dioxin pool increased to as high as 31% by mass in recent years, indicating that their contribution to total dioxin toxicity may need consideration.

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supporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxin Photoproducts of Triclosan and Its Chlorinated Derivatives in Sediment Cores

Buth

Steen

Sueper

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

131

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“…Kitchen sink drains are arguably one of the most highly biocide-exposed environments, owing to the widespread use of antimicrobial-containing domestic detergents (46). An important part of this study involved determining the effects of QD on bacterial susceptibilities to QAC and selected chemically unrelated antibiotics and biocides.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Quaternary-Ammonium-Based Formulations on Bacterial Community Dynamics and Antimicrobial Susceptibility

McBain

Ledder

Moore

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

167

130

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Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used as adjuncts to hygiene in domestic cleaning products. Current concern that the increased use of such biocides in consumer products might contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance has led us to examine the effects of a QAC-containing domestic cleaning fluid on the population dynamics and antimicrobial susceptibility of domestic sink drain biofilm communities. QAC susceptibilities of numerically dominant, culturable drain bacteria (15 genera, 17 species) were determined in vitro before and after repeated QAC exposure (14 passages). A fully characterized drain microcosm was then exposed to short-term (12 days) and long-term (3 months) dosing with a QAC-containing domestic detergent (QD). QAC exposure of isolated cultures caused both increases (three species) and circa twofold decreases (six species) in QAC susceptibility. The susceptibility of Ralstonia sp. was considerably decreased following 14 consecutive QAC passages. Control drain microcosm biofilms maintained dynamic stability, as evidenced by culture and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Bacterial population densities were largely unaffected during short-term exposure to use levels of QD, although 50% QD caused circa 10-fold viability reductions. DGGE analysis supported these observations; identified the major microcosm genera as Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Erwinia, and Enterobacter, and showed that aeromonads increased in abundance under 10 to 50% QD. Long-term exposure of the microcosms to QD did not significantly alter the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility. These data demonstrate the recalcitrance of domestic drain biofilms toward QAC and that although repeated QAC exposure of drain isolates in pure culture results in susceptibility change in some test bacteria, such changes do not necessarily occur within complex communities.

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“…Over the past decade, the broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity displayed by TCS has led to its application in a range of formulations intended for domestic use, including a variety of shampoos (26), toothpastes (40), deodorants (7), detergents, molded plastic containers, and chopping boards. A survey of liquid soaps in the United States revealed that 45% contained antibacterial agents, many of which included TCS (51). Recently, the particular use of hardware products that contain TCS has increased considerably (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure of Sink Drain Microcosms to Triclosan: Population Dynamics and Antimicrobial Susceptibility

McBain

Bartolo

Catrenich

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Recent concern that the increased use of triclosan (TCS) in consumer products may contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance has led us to examine the effects of TCS dosing on domestic-drain biofilm microcosms. TCS-containing domestic detergent (TCSD) markedly lowered biofouling at 50% (wt/vol) but was poorly effective at use levels. Long-term microcosms were established and stabilized for 6 months before one was subjected to successive 3-month exposures to TCSD at sublethal concentrations (0.2 and 0.4% [wt/vol]). Culturable bacteria were identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and their susceptibilities to four biocides and six antibiotics were determined. Microcosms harbored ca. 10 log 10 CFU/g of biofilm, representing at least 27 species, mainly gamma proteobacteria, and maintained dynamic stability. Viable cell counts were largely unaffected by TCSD exposure, but species diversity was decreased, as corroborated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. TCS susceptibilities ranged widely within bacterial groups, and TCS-tolerant strains (including aeromonads, pseudomonads, stenotrophomonads, and Alcaligenes spp.) were isolated before and after TCSD exposure. Several TCS-tolerant bacteria related to Achromobacter xylosoxidans became clonally expanded during dosing. TCSD addition did not significantly affect the community profiles of susceptibility to the test biocides or antibiotics. Several microcosm isolates, as well as reference bacteria, caused clearing of particulate TCS in solid media. Incubations of consortia and isolates with particulate TCS in liquid led to putative TCS degradation by the consortia and TCS solubilization by the reference strains. Our results support the view that low-level exposure of environmental microcosms to TCS does not affect antimicrobial susceptibility and that TCS is degradable by common domestic biofilms.

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Too clean for comfort.

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Dioxin Photoproducts of Triclosan and Its Chlorinated Derivatives in Sediment Cores

Dioxin Photoproducts of Triclosan and Its Chlorinated Derivatives in Sediment Cores

Effects of Quaternary-Ammonium-Based Formulations on Bacterial Community Dynamics and Antimicrobial Susceptibility

Exposure of Sink Drain Microcosms to Triclosan: Population Dynamics and Antimicrobial Susceptibility

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