Many chronic trigeminal pain conditions, such as migraine or temporo-mandibular disorders, are associated with inflammation within peripheral endings of trigeminal ganglion (TG) sensory neurons. A critical role in mechanisms of neuroinflammation is attributed to proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) that also contribute to mechanisms of persistent neuropathic pain resulting from nerve injury. However, the mechanisms of cytokine-mediated synaptic plasticity and nociceptor sensitization are not completely understood. In the present study, we examined the effects of TNFα on neuronal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whose role in synaptic plasticity and sensitization of nociceptive pathways is well documented. We show that 4-and 24-hr treatment with TNFα increases BDNF mRNA and protein, respectively, in neuron-enriched dissociated cultures of rat TG. TNFα increases the phosphorylated form of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor involved in regulation of BDNF expression in neurons, and activates transcription of BDNF exon IV (former exon III) and, to a lesser extent, exon VI (former exon IV), but not exon I. TNFα-mediated increase in BDNF expression was accompanied by increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is consistent with © 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Corresponding author: Dr. Agnieszka Balkowiec, Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, 611 S.W. Campus Drive, Portland, OR 97239; Phone: (503) 418-0190; Fax: (503) 494-8554; balkowie@ohsu.edu. All experimental protocols are available in a detailed, step-by-step format upon request from Dr. Ewa Bałkowiec-Iskra (ebalkowiec@wum.edu.pl).. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.Research Highlights:1. BDNF mRNA and protein are upregulated in trigeminal ganglion neurons by TNF-α 2. TNF-α upregulates BDNF expression in a promoter-selective manner 3. TNF-α upregulation of BDNF expression is potentiated by neuronal activity and cAMP 4. TNF-α upregulation of BDNF expression depends on sodium channels and p38-MAPK 5. These data have implications for BDNF-dependent sensory plasticity NIH Public Access Vitkovic et al., 2000;Boulanger, 2009;Carpentier and Palmer, 2009). Thus, identifying the mechanisms that underlie neuro-immune interactions could become fundamental to understanding how the nervous system functions under physiological conditions and what goes awry in the disorders whose pa...