Top–Down Enhancement and Suppression of Activity in Category-selective Extrastriate Cortex from an Act of Reflective Attention

Johnson, Matthew

doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21183

Cited by 34 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Those fMRI studies found that refreshing was associated with activity in DLPFC, anterior PFC, and parietal regions, particularly the supramarginal gyrus (M. K. Johnson et al, 2005; Raye et al, 2007), as well as category-specific modulation of extrastriate visual areas (M. R. Johnson & M. K. Johnson, 2009a; M.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The refresh process has been proposed to be a key component of many more complex mental tasks (Chun & M. K. Johnson, 2011; M. K. Johnson et al, 2005; M. R. Johnson & M. K. Johnson, 2009a) and a critical element in conceptual (Baddeley, 2012) and quantitative (Barrouillet, Portrat, & Camos, 2011) models of working memory performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neuroimaging investigations have shown that refreshing reliably activates left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; M. K. Johnson et al, 2005) and parietal cortex (Raye, M. K. Johnson, Mitchell, Reeder, & Greene, 2002; Raye, Mitchell, Reeder, Greene, & M. K. Johnson, 2008) and is capable of both enhancing and suppressing activity in high-level representational areas in visual cortex (M. R. Johnson & M. K. Johnson, 2009a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrophysiological Correlates of Refreshing: Event-related Potentials Associated with Directing Reflective Attention to Face, Scene, or Word Representations

Johnson

McCarthy

Muller

et al. 2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Refreshing is the component cognitive process of directing reflective attention to one of several active mental representations. Previous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggested that refresh tasks involve a component process of initiating refreshing as well as the top-down modulation of representational regions central to refreshing. However, those studies were limited by fMRI’s low temporal resolution. In the present study, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the timecourse of refreshing on the scale of milliseconds rather than seconds. Event-related potential (ERP) analyses showed that a typical refresh task does have a distinct electrophysiological response as compared to a control condition, and includes at least two main temporal components: an earlier (~400ms) positive peak reminiscent of a P3 response, and a later (~800ms–1400ms) sustained positivity over several sites reminiscent of the late directing attention positivity (LDAP). Overall, the evoked potentials for refreshing representations from three different visual categories (faces, scenes, words) were similar, but multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) showed that some category information was nonetheless present in the EEG signal. When related to previous fMRI studies, these results are consistent with a two-phase model, with the first phase dominated by frontal control signals involved in initiating refreshing and the second by the top-down modulation of posterior perceptual cortical areas that constitutes refreshing a representation. This study also lays the foundation for future studies of the neural correlates of reflective attention at a finer temporal resolution than is possible using fMRI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrophysiological Correlates of Refreshing: Event-related Potentials Associated with Directing Reflective Attention to Face, Scene, or Word Representations

Johnson

McCarthy

Muller

et al. 2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Self Cite

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“…Neuroimaging studies have related the initiation of refreshing processes to anterior PFC, and the refreshing process itself to increased activity in dorsolateral PFC . Modulatory effects of refreshing have been observed in posterior (e.g., stimulus-specific) regions (Johnson and Johnson, 2009;Johnson et al, 2007). Studying the mechanisms of refreshing in an age-comparative setting will directly contribute to a better understanding of this aspect of topdown control.…”

Section: Questions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifespan age differences in working memory: A two-component framework

Sander

Lindenberger

Werkle‐Bergner

2012

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

133

101

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a b s t r a c tWe suggest that working memory (WM) performance can be conceptualized as the interplay of low-level feature binding processes and top-down control, relating to posterior and frontal brain regions and their interaction in a distributed neural network. We propose that due to age-differential trajectories of posterior and frontal brain regions top-down control processes are not fully mature until young adulthood and show marked decline with advancing age, whereas binding processes are relatively mature in children, but show senescent decline in older adults. A review of the literature spanning from middle childhood to old age shows that binding and top-down control processes undergo profound changes across the lifespan. We illustrate commonalities and dissimilarities between children, younger adults, and older adults reflecting the change in the two components' relative contribution to visual WM performance across the lifespan using results from our own lab. We conclude that an integrated account of visual WM lifespan changes combining research from behavioral neuroscience and cognitive psychology of child development as well as aging research opens avenues to advance our understanding of cognition in general.

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“…Examples include attending to information that has been retrieved from long-term memory, refreshed from working memory, generated via mental imagery, or produced during mind wandering (i.e., undirected thinking). Not only will refreshing a working memory trace enhance BOLD activity in category-selective visual cortex such as the PPA, but also simultaneous suppression occurs in at least some categoryselective cortical regions that are not refreshed (Johnson & Johnson, 2009). There are data to suggest that the frontoparietal sources of memory suppression signals for internal representations might be similar to those observed during external stimulus suppression.…”

Section: Internally Directed Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%