Top-down or bottom-up: rural settlement and raised field agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia

Janusek, John W.; Kolata, Alan L.

doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2004.08.001

Cited by 124 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Raised-field agriculture, particularly in the Titicaca Basin, became a significant research focus in the 1990s (Carney et al 1993;Erickson 1992Erickson , 2000Graffam 1992;Kolata 1991;Stanish 1994). Debate continues over whether raised-field systems, much like canal systems on the coast, represent top-down, elite-directed or bottom-up, not centrally organized construction efforts (Bandy 2005;Erickson 2000;Janusek and Kolata 2004).…”

Section: Modified Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape and Environment: Insights from the Prehispanic Central Andes

Contreras

2010

J Archaeol Res

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Attention to human-environment relationships in the central Andes has a long history. Although the area is not a neat microcosm of the globe, wholly representative of worldwide trends in the archaeology of human-environment interactions, it has been the site of both seminal investigations in archaeology and a substantial body of recent work that investigates themes of broad archaeological relevance. Specifically, central Andean environments have been variously conceived as structuring, modified, and sacred. These approaches to some extent reflect broad trends in archaeology, while also suggesting directions in which the archaeology of human-environment interactions is moving and highlighting archaeology's relevance to discussions of contemporary human-environment interactions. This article characterizes concepts that are key for describing central Andean environments and considers the ways in which the particular ecology of the central Andes has informed archaeological research in the region. The example of the central Andes highlights the importance of understanding environments as dynamic, considering both geomorphic and anthropogenic contributors to that dynamism, and examining both ecological (''environment'') and ideological (''landscape'') implications of archaeological landscapes.

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Section: Modified Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape and Environment: Insights from the Prehispanic Central Andes

Contreras

2010

J Archaeol Res

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“…Research finding correlations between climate change and the fates of Andean societies (e.g., Binford et al, 1997) sends a cautionary message ameliorated by long-term evidence of persistence despite climatic stresses (Dillehay and Kolata, 2004;Janusek and Kolata, 2004). What are called "traditions" are in fact ways that information is culturally passed to future generations, sometimes with insights that can be applied elsewhere (e.g., Cash et al, 2003;Altieri, 2004;Stoorvogel et al, 2004).…”

Section: An Andean Climate Research Agendamentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Governance and Climate Change in the Tropical Highlands of Western South America

2006

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Climate changes occurring during the past several decades in the high elevations of the tropical Andes Mountains have implications for the native plant and animal species, for the ecological integrity of the affected land cover, and for the human-biophysical systems involved. Consequences are also probable for rural inhabitants and their livelihoods, especially for farmers and pastoralists. Biophysical factors have always changed in these mountainous zones; the extent and degree of alteration acting on native and agricultural biodiversity is the concern. Addressing these climate changes is probably within the adaptive capacity of many local land-use systems, unless external socioeconomic or political forces are unsupportive or antagonistic. Suitable programs to provide information, subsidies, or alternatives could be designed. We highlight some of the inherent resiliencies of natural and cultural systems in the Andes and suggest that these systems contain lessons that could be useful elsewhere, in terms of the traits that allow for the sustainable utilization of dynamic and heterogeneous landscapes.

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“…Tiwanaku achieved unprecedented public works and urban scale supported by a complex landscape of frost-resistant raised fields, arts and craft industries that impressed later Incas and Spaniards alike, and an elaborate iconographic system that helped spread a shared state ideology. Considering the massive scale and sophistication of the Tiwanaku capital and the agrarian and settlement systems of its altiplano core region, it is reasonable to envision Tiwanaku as a centralized state and political economy comparable to archaic states worldwide (39)(40)(41)(42)(43). And yet, while Tiwanaku surely functioned as a unitary state in many regards, it is a matter of interpretation whether the dialectic of centralized power and factionalism in Tiwanaku was the same as that of other states (42), or whether Tiwanaku exemplifies a somewhat less-centralized variant of ancient states (38,(44)(45)(46)(47).…”

Section: Tiwanaku and Multiethnicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiethnicity, pluralism, and migration in the south central Andes: An alternate path to state expansion

Goldstein

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The south central Andes is known as a region of enduring multiethnic diversity, yet it is also the cradle of one the South America’s first successful expansive-state societies. Social structures that encouraged the maintenance of separate identities among coexistent ethnic groups may explain this apparent contradiction. Although the early expansion of the Tiwanaku state (A.D. 600–1000) is often interpreted according to a centralized model derived from Old World precedents, recent archaeological research suggests a reappraisal of the socio-political organization of Tiwanaku civilization, both for the diversity of social entities within its core region and for the multiple agencies behind its wider program of agropastoral colonization. Tiwanaku’s sociopolitical pluralism in both its homeland and colonies tempers some of archaeology’s global assumptions about the predominant role of centralized institutions in archaic states.

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Top-down or bottom-up: rural settlement and raised field agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia

Cited by 124 publications

References 35 publications

Landscape and Environment: Insights from the Prehispanic Central Andes

Landscape and Environment: Insights from the Prehispanic Central Andes

Adaptive Governance and Climate Change in the Tropical Highlands of Western South America

Multiethnicity, pluralism, and migration in the south central Andes: An alternate path to state expansion

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