Top surface-emitting vertical-cavity laser diodes for 10-Gb/s data transmission

Fiedler, U.; Reiner, G.; Schnitzer, P.; Ebeling, Karl Joachim

doi:10.1109/68.502081

Cited by 87 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The turn-on behavior of VCSELs on picosecond and nanosecond time scales plays an important role for their performance in datacom applications, in particular for the desired multigigabit per second transmission rates. Typically, aperture sizes of more than 10 m are needed to ensure sufficient output power for optical data links and optical signal processing [3]. In VCSELs with such aperture sizes, the onset of easily more than ten transverse modes can be observed, which negatively affects the desired device performance [4]- [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Picosecond emission dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: Spatial, spectral, and polarization-resolved characterization

Barchanski

Gensty

Degen

et al. 2003

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-We present two-dimensional (2-D) spatially and picosecond-resolved measurements of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers' emission, unveiling their rich dynamics, manifesting itself in temporal changes of the modal, polarization, spectral, and spatial characteristics. The measurements providing insight into the repetitive part of the dynamics were performed with a newly developed experimental technique. In addition, we present the first 2-D, spatially resolved, single-shot event measurements which provide a full complementary picture of the dynamical behavior. The experimental results are analyzed and discussed with respect to spatio-spectral interaction mechanisms of carriers and photons, explaining the observed behavior.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Picosecond emission dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: Spatial, spectral, and polarization-resolved characterization

Barchanski

Gensty

Degen

et al. 2003

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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“…To ensure sufficient output power for optical data links and optical signal processing, VCSELs with aperture sizes of more than 10 µm are being used. 3 In VCSELs with such aperture sizes, the onset of easily more than ten transverse modes can be observed, which negatively affects the desired device performance. [4][5][6] Therefore, combined spatial, spectral, and temporal investigations are needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal emission dynamics of VCSELs: modal competition in the turn-on behavior

2004

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We present 2D-spatially and temporally resolved measurements of the emission of selectively oxidized stateof-the-art VCSELs of intermediate aperture sizes, showing their rich modal, polarization, spectral, and spatial dynamics. For the characterization of the repetitive dynamics we performed experiments with a technique we developed called TRIDA (Temporally Resolved Imaging by Differential Analysis) providing a temporal resolution down to 10 ps. From the temporal evolution of the near-field emission we provide a comprehensive overview of the phenomena in the turn-on dynamics. The evolution of the spatial intensity distribution of the transverse modes over a range of some nanoseconds is presented and discussed. Complementary, we have taken single-shot images of the near-field emission of 3 ns short pulses in order to characterize the nonrepetitive part of the dynamics and to get a deeper understanding of the dynamical processes arising from the interaction of transverse modes in the turn-on process. We find strong variations in the intensity distribution among the transverse modes and the polarization directions, indicating the onset of spatio-temporal chaos. A correlation analysis for the modal intensities is performed showing the influence of the competition for the available spatial and spectral gain.

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“…It is seen that MMF power penalties are considerably higher than those for SMF transmission as a result of intermodal dispersion and associated intersymbol interference. Although 10 Gbit/s operation over 500 m of 50 µm MMF was demonstrated as early as 1996 [123] (in this case with a 980 nm proton-implanted VCSEL), such experiments suffered from the lack of graded-index fibers with high bandwidth-distance products, providing alignment-tolerant power launch and decreased power penalties. Triggered by the work toward a 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10-GbE) standard 12 initiated in March 1999, such fibers with 50 µm core diameter and a bandwidth-distance product B · L exceeding 2 GHz· km in the 850 nm wavelength range have indeed been developed and have entered the market in the first few months of the year 2000.…”

Section: High-speed Optical Data Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 97%

VCSEL Fundamentals

Michalzik

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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In this chapter we outline major principles of vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser (VCSEL) design and operation. Basic device properties and generally applicable cavity design rules are introduced. Characteristic parameters like threshold gain and current, differential quantum efficiency and power conversion efficiency, as well as thermal resistance are discussed. We describe the design of Bragg reflectors and explain the transfer matrix method as a convenient tool to compute VCSEL resonator properties in a one-dimensional approximation. Experimental results illustrate the emission characteristics of high-efficiency VCSELs that apply selective oxidation for current and photon confinement. Both the 850 and 980 nm wavelength regions are considered. The basic treatment of laser dynamics and noise behavior is presented in terms of the small-signal modulation response as well as the relative intensity noise. Finally we give some examples of VCSEL applications in fiber-based optical interconnects, i.e., optical data transmission over short distances. IntroductionVCSELs have undergone an extraordinary evolution over the past three decades. Suggested by Prof. Kenichi Iga and first demonstrated by the research group at Tokyo Institute of Technology in the late 1970s [1-3], VCSELs are a commodity item today [4] and already serve millions of computer users as the key component in modern navigation devices such as the optical mouse. In even larger quantity, this laser type has entirely replaced edge-emitting laser diodes for use in multimode fiber-based Gbit/s speed optical data transmission in premises networks and for the interconnection of various kinds of computer clusters. Several books entirely devoted R. Michalzik (B)

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Top surface-emitting vertical-cavity laser diodes for 10-Gb/s data transmission

Cited by 87 publications

References 11 publications

Picosecond emission dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: Spatial, spectral, and polarization-resolved characterization

Picosecond emission dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: Spatial, spectral, and polarization-resolved characterization

Spatio-temporal emission dynamics of VCSELs: modal competition in the turn-on behavior

VCSEL Fundamentals

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