Topical review on monitoring tetrahydrocannabinol in breath

Mirzaei, Hamed; O’Brien, Allen; Tasnim, Nishat; Ravishankara, Adithya; Tahmooressi, Hamed; Hoorfar, Mina

doi:10.1088/1752-7163/ab6229

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Our findings are consistent with others who have shown that ∆ 9 -THC can be detected in breath up to several days since last use 9 , 10 . Because the leading technologies for breath-based testing for recent cannabis use 9 , 21 rely solely on the detection of ∆ 9 -THC, this could potentially result in false positive test outcomes due to the presence of ∆ 9 -THC in breath outside of the impairment window. It may be that other cannabinoids such as ∆ 9 -THCV and CBC, which were detected in breath only during the impairment window in the present study, are more suitable key indicators of recent cannabis use associated with impairment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) levels in blood and breath

Wurz

DeGregorio

2022

Sci Rep

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Previous investigators have found no clear relationship between specific blood concentrations of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) and impairment, and thus no scientific justification for use of legal “per se” ∆9-THC blood concentration limits. Analyzing blood from 30 subjects showed ∆9-THC concentrations that exceeded 5 ng/mL in 16 of the 30 subjects following a 12-h period of abstinence in the absence of any impairment. In blood and exhaled breath samples collected from a group of 34 subjects at baseline prior to smoking, increasing breath ∆9-THC levels were correlated with increasing blood levels (P < 0.0001) in the absence of impairment, suggesting that single measurements of ∆9-THC in breath, as in blood, are not related to impairment. When post-smoking duration of impairment was compared to baseline ∆9-THC blood concentrations, subjects with the highest baseline ∆9-THC levels tended to have the shortest duration of impairment. It was further shown that subjects with the shortest duration of impairment also had the lowest incidence of horizontal gaze nystagmus at 3 h post-smoking compared to subjects with the longest duration of impairment (P < 0.05). Finally, analysis of breath samples from a group of 44 subjects revealed the presence of transient cannabinoids such as cannabigerol, cannabichromene, and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabivarin during the peak impairment window, suggesting that these compounds may be key indicators of recent cannabis use through inhalation. In conclusion, these results provide further evidence that single measurements of ∆9-THC in blood, and now in exhaled breath, do not correlate with impairment following inhalation, and that other cannabinoids may be key indicators of recent cannabis inhalation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) levels in blood and breath

Wurz

DeGregorio

2022

Sci Rep

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“…[68] Tang et al [69] reviewed the applications of nanostructured metal sulfide materials for sensing of VOCs and inorganic gases such as CO 2 , NH 3 , H 2 S, SO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 and nitric oxide. Recent advances in the role of eNoses in phenotyping of COPD were reviewed by Searlata et al [70] Mirzaei et al [71] review and compare devices used for D9-tetrahydrocannabinol detection in EB such as field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry, semiconductor-enriched single-walled carbon nanotube chemiresistors, LC-MS/MS, microfluidic-based artificial olfaction, and optical-based gas sensing. They reported that amongst the examined platforms, from the portability and usability perspectives, optical-based, singlewalled carbon nanotube chemiresistors, and artificial olfaction are the most promising, whereas field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry and LC-MS/MS are best suited for highly sensitive and selective testing with toxicology lab confirmation.…”

Section: Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breathomics: Review of Sample Collection and Analysis, Data Modeling and Clinical Applications

Khoubnasabjafari

Mogaddam

Rahimpour

et al. 2021

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

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Metabolomics research is rapidly gaining momentum in disease diagnosis, on top of other Omics technologies. Breathomics, as a branch of metabolomics is developing in various frontiers, for early and noninvasive monitoring of disease. This review starts with a brief introduction to metabolomics and breathomics. A number of important technical issues in exhaled breath collection and factors affecting the sampling procedures are presented. We review the recent progress in metabolomics approaches and a summary of their applications on the respiratory and non-respiratory diseases investigated by breath analysis. Recent reports on breathomics studies retrieved from Scopus and Pubmed were reviewed in this work. We conclude that analyzing breath metabolites (both volatile and nonvolatile) is valuable in disease diagnoses, and therefore believe that breathomics will turn into a promising noninvasive discipline in biomarker discovery and early disease detection in personalized medicine. The problem of wide variations in the reported metabolite concentrations from breathomics studies should be tackled by developing more accurate analytical methods and sophisticated numerical analytical alogorithms.

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“…The laboratory chemical analysis of these matrices involves an extraction step followed by analysis using highly robust analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The relevant sampling and analytical methods are described in more detail elsewhere (Mirzaei et al, 2020).…”

Section: Testing Matrices and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing for cannabis intoxication: Current issues and latest advancements

Johnson

Miskelly

Rindelaub

2021

WIREs Forensic Science

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Cannabis is used globally for both recreational and medical purposes. The use of cannabis can impair driving ability and increase the risk of fatal accidents.Therefore, operating motor vehicles and machinery under the influence of cannabis is illegal in most jurisdictions. With many governments easing legal restrictions on the use of cannabis, the demand for cannabis intoxication testing is increasing globally. Identification of prior cannabis use is currently accomplished using a variety of biological matrices, including urine, blood, sweat, hair, and oral fluid. Despite the ability to identify prior exposure to or intake of cannabis, each of these matrices has limitations in assessing the current intoxication state of an individual, an essential aspect of many current legislations. Exhaled breath represents a potentially useful matrix for measuring recent use, however, current uncertainty in breath levels indicative of impairment and the technical limitations associated with rapid, on-site analysis of breath matrices have restricted the widespread deployment of cannabis breath analyzers. These challenges are compounded by the relatively short intoxication window of cannabis relative to its lifetime in the body, reinforcing the need for rapid toxicological screening. This review summarizes the state of cannabis intoxication testing, highlighting the challenges associated with the current forensic testing techniques, and the potential for breath analysis, which has gained interest recently from both academic researchers and commercial entities.

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Topical review on monitoring tetrahydrocannabinol in breath

Cited by 14 publications

References 66 publications

Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) levels in blood and breath

Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) levels in blood and breath

Breathomics: Review of Sample Collection and Analysis, Data Modeling and Clinical Applications

Testing for cannabis intoxication: Current issues and latest advancements

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