Topographic migration of 2D and 3D ground‐penetrating radar data considering variable velocities

Abstract

We present a 2D/3D topographic migration scheme for ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data which is able to account for variable velocities by using the root mean square (rms) velocity approximation. We test our migration scheme using a synthetic 2D example and compare our migrated image to the results obtained using common GPR migration approaches. Furthermore, we apply it to 2D and 3D field data. These examples are recorded across common subsurface settings including surface topography and variations in the GPR subsurface velocity field caused by a shallow ground water table. In such field settings, our migration strategy provides well focused images of common‐offset GPR data without the need for a detailed interval velocity model. The synthetic and field examples demonstrate that our topographic migration scheme allows for accurate GPR imaging in the presence of variations in surface topography and subsurface velocity.

Form and function in hillslope hydrology: in situ imaging and characterization of flow-relevant structures

“…This relates to our second research question Q2. The general setup is very similar to the one described by Allroggen et al (2015b), van Schaik (2009), Öhrström et al (2004) and Kasteel et al (2002). Marked on the map in Fig.…”

“…GPR is also capable to monitor subsurface fluid migration in time-lapse approaches (Birken and Versteeg, 2000;Trinks et al, 2001). Our experiments were monitored by 3-D time-lapse GPR measurements as described by Allroggen et al (2015b). We employed a PulseEKKO Pro GPR system (Sensors and Software Inc.) equipped with 500 MHz shielded antennas with constant offset of 0.18 m. Sampling interval was set to 0.1 ns, recording a total trace length of 100 ns in 8 internal stacks.…”

Climate control on late Holocene high-energy sedimentation along coasts of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean

“…GPR survey of the spit (40 km of profiles) was carried out with a GSSI SIR-3000 acquisition unit, equipped with a 400 MHz antenna and a GPS (Tessier et al, 2013). Post-acquisition processing included enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio with a Karhunen-Loève filter (Zhao et al, 2005), time-to-depth conversion based on a variable velocity model (Allroggen et al, 2015), and topographic migration (Dujardin and Bano, 2013). Sediment facies in the cores were visually described, and marine mollusc shells were sampled for 14 C age determination (AMS method; Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poland).…”

Form and function in hillslope hydrology: characterization of subsurface flow based on response observations

“…The data processing of each measurement relied on a standard processing scheme, including bandpass filtering, zero time correction, exponential amplitude preserving scaling, inline fkfiltering, and a topographic migration approach, as presented by Allroggen et al (2015a). The GPR data were analyzed using an appropriate constant velocity and gridded to a 2-D transect with a regular trace-spacing of 0.02 m. There is no standard interpretation procedure for the analysis of time-lapse GPR data.…”