This thesis has made possible due to the guidance of my advisor, Prof. Ivan Menezes, his support, valuable comments, suggestions and provisions allowed the completion and success of this work. My co-advisor, Prof. Juan Sergio Romero Sáenz, for his time in checking this manuscript, comments that accelerated the development of this work, for the numerous meetings, technical advice, and valuable suggestions regarding the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids. Prof. Anderson Pereira, for the countless help regarding the theory and implementation of the topology optimization method. I also thank Dr. Heng Chi, for delivering us an excellent mini-course on VEM, and for his technical advice on the convergence analysis and implementation of this method. To my parents, for the education, attention and affection of all hours. My alma mater, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (UNI), Lima-Perú. The Department of Mechanical Engineering DEM at PUC-Rio, its teachers, support and administrative team. To my colleagues at PUC-Rio. To the teachers who participated in the Examining Committee. CNPq, for their financial supports. Last but not least, to GOD, the source of understanding. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001.