Toponym Disambiguation by Arborescent Relationships

Abstract

Problem statement:The way of referring to a place in the geographical space can be formal, based on the spatial coordinates, or informal, which we use in natural language by using toponyms (place names). A toponym can represent several geographical places. This ambiguity made problematic its conversion towards a unique formal representation. Toponym disambiguation in text is the task of assigning a unique location to an ambiguous place name in a given textual context. Approach: Several toponym disambiguation heuristics assumed a geographical proximity between the toponyms of the same context. This proximity can be in terms of spatial distance or in terms of arborsecent relationships, i.e., proximity in the hierarchical tree of the world places. This study presented a new toponym disambiguation heuristic in text based on the quantification of the arborescent proximity between toponyms. This quantification was done by a new measure of geographical correlation that we call the Geographical Density. Results: Our method was compared to the state of the art methods using GeoSemCor corpus and it has outperformed them in term of recall (87.4%) and coverage (99.0%). The results showed that the toponyms of the same context are much closer in terms of arborescent relationships than in terms of spatial relationships. Conclusion: We believe that the quantification of arborescent relationships between toponyms of the same textual context is a good way to improve the recall of TD task. However, all the arborescent relationships' types must be considered and not only the meronymy, which is the relation the most exploited in the existing TD methods.

GeoTxt: A scalable geoparsing system for unstructured text geolocation

“…Another category of methods that leverage place name co‐occurrence (and are also based on spatial minimality) focus on names in a spatial hierarchy (country, state, county, township, populated place) or on names that belong to the same subtree of such hierarchy (counties that are both located within a particular state) (Bensalem & Kholladi, ; Buscaldi & Rosso, ; Karimzadeh et al, ; Sobhana, Barua, Das, Mitra, & Ghosh, ).…”

GeoWhiz

“…Unfortunately, many places share names, a well-known geotagging challenge known as entity-entity ambiguity [10] or geo-geo ambiguity [2]. Some place names, such as "Victoria", "Rome"/"Roma", and "San Antonio", are reused for hundreds of places in dozens of countries.…”

Structured toponym resolution using combined hierarchical place categories

“…Unfortunately, many places share names, a well-known geotagging challenge known as entity-entity ambiguity [14] or geo-geo ambiguity [2,3]. Some place names, such as "Victoria", "Rome"/"Roma", and "San Antonio", are reused for hundreds of places in dozens of countries.…”