“…While high‐speed sensorless control of PM machines can be easily carried out with model‐based observers operating on the back‐emf of the machine [7], these are not applicable for steer‐by‐wire which requires low‐speed sensorless estimation. In [8], it was found that the handwheel of a commercial vehicle operates at mean zero speed with fast position changes at a maximum rate of 286 degrees/s. Such conditions have been generally found to be challenging for high‐speed observers as the back‐emf produced by the machine is low and of the same order of magnitude as sensor offsets and non‐linearities.…”