Torrefaction of fruit waste seed and shells for biofuel production with reduced CO2 emission

Lin, Yi-Li; Zheng, Nai-Yun

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.120226

Cited by 36 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The EROI values were calculated as explained in Section 2.3.4. and with Equation ( 6). The calculation of EROI values followed exactly the same procedures described in the works of Lin et al [4,38,42]. The EROI values of pre-dried biochar of miscanthus, hops, MSW, and their mixtures torrefied at various temperatures and times were calculated using the information presented in Table 3.…”

Section: Eroi Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contents of FC and VM were obtained from the results of the proximate analysis. As stated in the work of Lin and Zheng [38], the FR of the torrefied biomass material is usually higher than that of a raw biomass sample due to the increased FC content and decreased VM content.…”

Section: My (%)mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The energy required for drying and torrefaction was calculated by multiplying the reaction time and the amount of power consumed at each stage. The detailed description of the calculation method is written in the works of Lin et al [4,38,42].…”

Section: Eroi ( − ) =mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), such as CO 2 emissions, were also determined as described in the works of Lin et al [4,38,42]. GHG emissions achieved through substitution of biochar for coal were determined through life cycle assessment (LCA), which primarily considered the electricity consumed for pre-drying the biomass and torrefying the biochar as a renewable energy [40,41].…”

Section: Ghg Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Evaluation of Torrefaction Efficiency for Lignocellulosic Materials Combined with Mixed Solid Wastes

2023

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The paper presents the results of research aimed at evaluating the possibility of using selected biomass wastes to produce solid biofuels. In this work, the thermochemical properties of two lignocellulosic biomasses, namely, miscantshus (Miscanthus × Giganteus) and hops (Humulus lupulus), and non-lignocellulosic biomass, namely, municipal solid waste, and their mixtures (micanthus + municipal solid waste and hops + municipal solid waste) were studied using the torrefaction process as the main method for investigation. The effects of various torrefaction temperatures (250, 300, and 350 °C) and times (30 and 60 min) were evaluated. Proximate and ultimate analyses were performed on the torrefied samples. The following can be stated: as the torrefaction temperature and time increased, mass and energy yields decreased while the higher heating values (HHVs) and fuel ratios (FRs) increased, together with carbon contents (C). In addition, energy on return investment (EROI) was studied; the maximum EROI of 28 was achieved for MSW biochar at 250 °C for 30 min. The results of studying greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) showed a reduction of around 88% when using torrefied biochar as a substitute for coal. In sum, this study shows that torrefaction pre-treatment can improve the physicochemical properties of raw biomasses to a level comparable with coal, and could be helpful in better understanding the conversion of those biomasses into a valuable, solid biofuel.

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Section: Eroi Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: My (%)mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Eroi ( − ) =mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ghg Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Evaluation of Torrefaction Efficiency for Lignocellulosic Materials Combined with Mixed Solid Wastes

2023

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“…They also examined the effect of inorganic species on the torrefaction kinetics of almond shells using thermogravimetric analysis, and demonstrated that the kinetic model with two consecutive parallel reactions exhibited the best fit to experimental data [21]. Lin and Zheng [22] reported that GHG emissions were reduced by 58.5%-82.5% with the combustion of the biochar obtained from the torrefaction process compared with the combustion of coal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Torrefaction of almond shell as a renewable reinforcing agent for plastics: techno-economic analyses and comparison to bioethanol process

Liu

Baral

Liu

et al. 2023

Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain.

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The U.S. state of California alone produced nearly 3.5 billion kilograms of almonds accounting for approximately 84% of the world’s almond production. This generates about 2.58 million metric tons of almond residues. The almond shells are currently either burned to generate power or disposed of in the landfill. Valorizing almond shells and hulls provides an opportunity to replace petroleum-derived products and divert organic material from landfills. Here we demonstrate a detailed techno-economic analysis of an almond shell torrefaction process capable of utilizing the 520,000 metric tons of almond shells produced annually in California. Our process also includes preprocessing the torrefied biomass to exploit it as a reinforcing agent for plastics. We further compared the revenue generated from the torrefied biomass and bioethanol derived from the same amount of almond shells. We considered three different torrefaction facility scales to evaluate trade-offs between economies of scale at the facility and trucking costs to deliver almond shells. A facility that takes in 200,000 metric tons (MT)/year of almond shells results in lower per-unit-output basis capital and operating cost relative to other smaller scales of torrefaction facility, including 10,000 MT/year and 50,000 MT/year, considered for analysis in this study. The large-sale facility results in the minimum selling price of the torrefied biomass of $311.4/MT. An analogous techno-economic analysis on converting almond residues into bioethanol is also investigated. The minimum selling price of almond shells derived ethanol ($1.71/kg) is higher than corn ($0.48/kg) or cellulosic biomass ($0.88/kg) derived ethanol. Compared to the bioethanol route, the torrefied almond shells result in 3 times more revenue if it is utilized as a reinforcing agent for plastics.

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Enzymes Applied to Lignocellulosic Biorefinery

Scapini

Camargo

Bonatto

et al. 2022

Handbook of Waste Biorefinery

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Torrefaction of fruit waste seed and shells for biofuel production with reduced CO2 emission

Cited by 36 publications

References 51 publications

The Evaluation of Torrefaction Efficiency for Lignocellulosic Materials Combined with Mixed Solid Wastes

The Evaluation of Torrefaction Efficiency for Lignocellulosic Materials Combined with Mixed Solid Wastes

Torrefaction of almond shell as a renewable reinforcing agent for plastics: techno-economic analyses and comparison to bioethanol process

Enzymes Applied to Lignocellulosic Biorefinery

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