Total and Component Health Care Costs in a Non-Medicare HMO Population of Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes and With and Without Macrovascular Disease

Health Care and Productivity Costs Associated With Diabetic Patients With Macrovascular Comorbid Conditions

“…In general, similar associations have been found (10–12). However, these studies estimated the average health care costs for patients with and without diabetes and MVCCs, whereas our study focused on the incremental cost impact, which is more useful from an economic standpoint.…”

“…These study samples are probably different from the general community-dwelling population in the U.S. Specifically, Gandra et al (12) found that the health care expenses for diabetic patients with and without MVCCs were 10,450 and 3,385 USD per patient per year after matching by age and sex. It implies an incremental cost of 7,065 USD in health care, which is higher than our estimate of 5,120 USD.…”

“…However, these studies estimated the average health care costs for patients with and without diabetes and MVCCs, whereas our study focused on the incremental cost impact, which is more useful from an economic standpoint. In addition, these past studies were conducted using HMO claims data, with one study examining predominantly older individuals (11) and another examining only subjects aged <65 years (12). These study samples are probably different from the general community-dwelling population in the U.S.…”

“…Nichols and Brown (11) used 1999 data and reported that the average health care costs for patients with both diabetes and cardiovascular disease were 10,172 USD annually, compared with 4,402 USD for those with diabetes but without cardiovascular disease. Using 2003 data, Gandra et al (12) found that macrovascular disease nearly tripled annual health care costs in patients with type 2 diabetes: 10,450 vs. 3,385 USD for those with and without macrovascular diseases, respectively. However, all of these studies relied on claims data from HMOs, which may not be representative of the U.S. national population.…”

Comparison of costs among patients with type 2 diabetes treated with exenatide or sitagliptin therapy

“…Yet, previous clinical trials have shown therapy with exenatide to be associated with weight loss at 6 months,[19][20][21][22][23][33][34][35] the same time frame as the present study; however, further research is needed to link patient outcomes, such as weight loss, to the significant cost offsets experienced by patients using exenatide.Examining the unadjusted statistics of the sample population, patients who took exenatide were more likely to have had a prestudy period diagnosis of obesity relative to patients who took sitagliptin, despite the fact that obesity may be underreported in claims databases 36. This finding suggests that physicians may be more likely to prescribe exenatide to their obese patients, perhaps due to the evidence that the use of exenatide is associated with weight loss.…”