The production of pions in nucleon-nucleon collisions has recently attracted renewed attention because of the advent of highly precise, nearthreshold total cross section data in three different channels, and because of the apparent failure of conventional theory to reproduce the magnitude of the s-wave production cross section, leading to the speculation that we might learn something new about the pion field of a nucleon. The onset of higher partial waves is observed in differential cross section and analyzing power measurements. The measurement of spin correlation coefficients close to threshold will become possible in the near future in storage rings with electron cooling and internal targets. Recent data on pion production in the three-nucleon system support the importance of a quasi-free production of pions from nuclei.