Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure

Speakman, John R.; Jong, Jasper de; Sinha, Srishti; Yamada, Yosuke; Sagayama, Hiroyuki; Ainslie, Philip N.; Anderson, Liam; Arab, Lenore; Bedu-Addo, Kweku; Blanc, Stéphane; Bonomi, A.; Bovet, Pascal; Brage, Sören; Buchowski, Maciej S.; Butte, Nancy F.; Camps, Stefan Gerardus; Cooper, Jamie A.; Cooper, Richard S.; Das, Sai Krupa; Davies, Peter S. W.; Dugas, Lara R.; Ekelund, Ulf; Entringer, Sonja; Forrester, Terrence; Fudge, Barry W.; Gillingham, Melanie B.; Ghosh, Santu; Goris, Annelies H. C.; Gurven, Michael; Halsey, Lewis G.; Hambly, Catherine; Haisma, Hinke; Hoffman, Daniël J.; Hu, Sumei; Joosen, Annemiek M.C.P.; Kaplan, Jennifer L; Katzmarzyk, Peter T.; Kraus, William E.; Kushner, Robert F.; Leonard, William R.; Löf, Marie; Martin, Corby K.; Matsiko, Eric; Medin, Anine Christine; Meijer, Erwin P.; Neuhouser, Marian L.; Nicklas, Theresa A.; Ojiambo, Robert; Pietiläinen, Kirsi H.; Plange‐Rhule, Jacob; Plasqui, Guy; Prentice, Ross L.; Racette, Susan B.; Raichlen, David A.; Ravussin, Éric; Redman, Leanne M.; Roberts, Susan B.; Rudolph, Michael C.; Sardinha, Luís B.; Schuit, Albertine J.; Silva, Analiza M.; Stice, Eric; Urlacher, Samuel S.; Valenti, Giulio; Etten, Ludo M. Van; Mil, Edgar A. Van; Wood, Brian M.; Yanovski, Jack A.; Yoshida, Tsukasa; Zhang, Xueying; Murphy‐Alford, Alexia J.; Loechl, Cornelia; Kurpad, Anura V; Luke, Amy; Pontzer, Herman; Rodeheffer, Matthew S.; Rood, Jennifer; Schoeller, Dale A.; Wong, William W.

doi:10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…It would also be beneficial to examine psychosocial factors, including self‐efficacy, autonomous motivation for MVPA engagement, and social support as moderators or mediators of the associations between perceived importance of MVPA and health behaviors, given their theoretical importance in behavior engagement (e.g., self‐determination theory) 57 . Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that reductions in basal energy expenditure over time due to dietary changes (e.g., saturated fat intake) may contribute to obesity 7 . Therefore, in conjunction with recommendations to increase MPVA, which has numerous health benefits 58 and has been shown to be a predictor of weight loss maintenance, 59 it would be important to consider dietary changes for optimal weight loss and maintenance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…57 Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that reductions in basal energy expenditure over time due to dietary changes (e.g., saturated fat intake) may contribute to obesity. 7 Therefore, in conjunction with recommendations to increase MPVA, which has numerous health benefits 58 and has been shown to be a predictor of weight loss maintenance, 59 it would be important to consider dietary changes for EHMANN ET AL.…”

Section: Primarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Engaging in high amounts of MVPA (e.g., 200-300 min/week) facilitates weight loss, reduces the likelihood of weight regain following losses, 3 and produces health benefits (e.g., reduced risk for diseases). [4][5][6] Although activity energy expenditure has generally increased since the 1980s in the U.S. 7 and BWL is an evidence-based obesity treatment, adherence to MVPA recommendations is poor: many participants in BWL programs do not adopt or maintain prescribed amounts of MVPA throughout or beyond treatment. [8][9][10] A large body of research has been conducted to understand the MVPA adherence gap.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived importance of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity as a weight control strategy in behavioral weight loss

Ehmann,

LaFata,

McCausland

et al. 2023

Obesity Science & Practice

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BackgroundPrevious research has established the importance of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for weight control. One area of unexplored investigation is the relationship between individuals' perceptions of the importance of MVPA for weight control and MVPA engagement. This study examined the associations between the perceived importance of MVPA and MVPA engagement, weight loss, barriers to PA, and exercise enjoyment in adults enrolled in a long‐term behavioral weight loss (BWL) intervention.MethodsAdults (N = 301) with overweight/obesity (BMI = 27–45 kg/m2) completed an 18‐month BWL intervention, followed by a no‐intervention 18‐month follow‐up. At baseline, 6 months, 18 months (i.e., post‐treatment), and 36 months (i.e., follow‐up), participants ranked the importance of six strategies for weight control: keeping a food record, MVPA, light PA, self‐weighing, small portions, and low‐calorie diet. Observed MVPA (measured by accelerometer), percent weight loss, perceived barriers to PA, and exercise enjoyment were also measured at each assessment.ResultsResults showed that most participants perceived MVPA as a primary weight control strategy (first, second, or third most important) throughout the intervention, regardless of the weight control goal (weight loss vs. maintenance). Individuals who ranked MVPA as a primary strategy for weight control at concurrent time points, compared to those who did not, engaged in significantly more MVPA at post‐treatment, had greater weight loss at follow‐up, endorsed fewer barriers to PA at post‐treatment and follow‐up, and reported greater exercise enjoyment at baseline and post‐treatment.ConclusionPerceived importance of MVPA was related to subjective experiences of MVPA, MVPA adherence, and weight loss in a long‐term BWL intervention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Primarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived importance of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity as a weight control strategy in behavioral weight loss

Ehmann,

LaFata,

McCausland

et al. 2023

Obesity Science & Practice

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“…particularly at the weekly level, might be because the timescale over which regulation happens is quite long. Moreover, the fact that we have an obesity epidemic, clearly driven by environmental changes stimulating our intake [109][110][111] and reducing our expenditure [112] seems incompatible with the idea of a set-point system regulating our body weight. This could be explained if for some reason the set-points in different individuals have expanded upwards during the last 70 years or so.…”

Section: (A) the Set-point Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is far from obvious because the cost of moving around is greater at higher body weights. Measures of total daily energy expenditure dating back to the late 1980s show that indeed we are expending about 5–7% less energy now than we were 35 years ago [112]. However, surprisingly this seems to be owing to reduced basal metabolism rather than reduced expenditure on activity.…”

Section: Theoretical Models For Body Fat Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Models of body weight and fatness regulation

Speakman,

Hall

2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Body weight and fatness appear to be regulated phenomena. Several different theoretical models are available to capture the essence of this idea. These include the set-point, dynamic equilibrium, adiposity force, control theory-settling point, Hall–Guo, operation point and dual intervention point (DIP) models. The set-point model posits a single reference point around which levels of fat are regulated. The dynamic equilibrium model suggests that the apparent regulation of body fat around a reference point is an illusion owing to the necessary impacts of weight change on energy expenditure. Control theory focuses on the importance of feedback gain and suggests set-point and dynamic equilibrium are ends of a continuum of feedback gain. Control theory models have also been called ‘settling point’ models. The Hall–Guo, operation point and DIP models also bring together the set-point and dynamic equilibrium ideas into a single framework. The DIP proposes a zone of indifference where dynamic equilibrium ‘regulation’ predominates, bounded by upper and lower intervention points beyond which physiological mechanisms are activated. The drifty gene hypothesis is an idea explaining where this individual variation in the upper intervention point might come from. We conclude that further experiments to test between the models are sorely required. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)’.

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Validation of predictive equations to estimate resting metabolic rate of females and males across different activity levels

Prado‐Nóvoa,

Howard,

Laskaridou

et al. 2023

American J Hum Biol

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ObjectivesUsing equations to predict resting metabolic rate (RMR) has yielded different degrees of validity, particularly when sex and different physical activity levels were considered. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of several different predictive equations to estimate RMR in female and male adults with varying physical activity levels.MethodWe measured the RMR of 50 adults (26 females and 24 males) evenly distributed through activity levels varying from sedentary to ultra‐endurance. Body composition was measured by dual X–ray absorptiometry and physical activity was monitored by accelerometry. Ten equations to predict RMR were applied (using Body Mass [BM]: Harris & Benedict, 1919; Mifflin et al., 1990 [MifflinBM]; Pontzer et al., 2021 [PontzerBM]; Schofield, 1985; FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004; and using Fat‐Free Mass (FFM): Cunningham, 1991; Johnstone et al., 2006; Mifflin et al., 1990 [MifflinFFM]; Nelson et al. 1992; Pontzer et al., 2021 [PontzerFFM]). The accuracy of these equations was analyzed, and the effect of sex and physical activity was evaluated using different accuracy metrics.ResultsEquations using BM were less accurate for females, and their accuracy was influenced by physical activity and body composition. FFM equations were slightly less accurate for males but there was no obvious effect of physical activity or other sample parameters. PontzerFFM provides higher accuracy than other models independent of the magnitude of RMR, sex, activity levels, and sample characteristics.ConclusionEquations using FFM were more accurate than BM equations in our sample. Future studies are needed to test the accuracy of RMR prediction equations in diverse samples.

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Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure

Abstract: Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure.

Cited by 24 publications

References 140 publications

Perceived importance of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity as a weight control strategy in behavioral weight loss

Perceived importance of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity as a weight control strategy in behavioral weight loss

Models of body weight and fatness regulation

Validation of predictive equations to estimate resting metabolic rate of females and males across different activity levels

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