Total Fuel Cycle Impacts of Advanced Vehicles

Stodolsky, F.; Gaines, Linda; Marshall, Christopher L.; An, Feng; Eberhardt, James J.

doi:10.4271/1999-01-0322

Cited by 35 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In low-temperature fuel cells, protons are the ionic specie that migrates through the electrolyte, requiring that only H 2 , or a molecule like methanol that decomposes to hydrogen at low temperatures, can be used for the fuel. There are many problems associated with using H 2 as the fuel: 1) Most H 2 is produced from fossil fuels and there is a significant penalty in the overall efficiency of the process due to the reforming steps [8]; 2) H 2 is difficult to store; and 3) H 2 is potentially dangerous and requires special safety consideration. Furthermore, lowtemperature fuel cells tend to be very sensitive to small amounts of CO in the fuel because CO adsorbs strongly on the precious-metal catalysts that are required in the electrode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel SOFC Anodes for the Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrocarbons

Gorte

Vohs

2003

ChemInform

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Recent developments in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) that electrochemically oxidize hydrocarbon fuels to produce electrical power without first reforming them to H 2 are described. First, the operating principles of SOFCs are reviewed, along with a description of state-of-the-art SOFC designs. This is followed by a discussion of the concepts and procedures used in the synthesis of direct-oxidation fuel cells with anodes based on composites of Cu, ceria, and yttria-stabilized zirconia. The discussion focuses on how heterogeneous catalysis has an important role to play in the development of SOFCs that directly oxidize hydrocarbon fuels. AbstractRecent developments in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) that electrochemically oxidize hydrocarbon fuels to produce electrical power without first reforming them to H 2 are described.First, the operating principles of SOFCs are reviewed, along with a description of state-of-the-art SOFC designs. This is followed by a discussion of the concepts and procedures used in the synthesis of direct-oxidation fuel cells with anodes based on composites of Cu, ceria, and yttriastabilized zirconia. The discussion focuses on how heterogeneous catalysis has an important role to play in the development of SOFCs that directly oxidize hydrocarbon fuels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel SOFC Anodes for the Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrocarbons

Gorte

Vohs

2003

ChemInform

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“…One of the pertinent questions of the period involved the desirability of shifting from the SI-IDI-NA-G technology to the CI-DI-TC-D, perhaps instead of [14], or temporarily in lieu of [15], the FCV to reduce carbon emissions. With regard to the FCV, in 2005, Brinkman et al [16] showed that if a FCV used hydrogen produced by electrolysis from electricity derived from today's mix of fossil fuels, GHG emissions could be higher than for a CI-DI-TC-D using low sulfur diesel from petroleum (in Figure 4, compare LS Diesel DI CI CD below to Electro.…”

Section: Diesel Conventional Petrol Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid Powementioning

confidence: 99%

Where Is the Early Market for PHEVs?

Santini

Passier²,

Badin³

et al. 2008

WEVJ

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The relative fuel consumption reduction strengths of multiple passenger car powertrains are investigated. These include [A] conventional compression ignition (CI) direct injection (DI) turbocharged (TC) diesel (D) [CI-DI-TC-D]; [B] Atkinson cycle charge sustaining (CS) "split-hybrid" electric vehicles (HEV) fueled by gasoline/ petrol (G) [HEVG]; plug-in (P) hybrid gasoline/petrol [PHEVG)]; and indirect fuel injected (IDI) spark-ignited (SI) internal combustion engines (ICE) fueled by gasoline/petrol [SI-IDI-NA-G]. When we use simulation to evaluate the behavior of PHEVG powertrains, the size is a four-to-five passenger car platform that would be regarded as "compact" in the U.S. and standard in Europe. A careful distinction between probable driving patterns for PHEVGs when in charge-depletion (CD) mode vs. charge sustaining (CS) operation is made. Effects of variation in the amount of kWh storage and the CD strategy, between PHEVs with varying km of electric-equivalent range are also investigated. The effect of electric drive (battery and motor) power (kW) on ability of a vehicle to operate all-electrically, relative to its ability to reduce oil use, is examined. Four degrees of hybridization are briefly examined, including stop-start (SS), integrated starter-generator (ISG), mild parallel (MP), and full parallel (FP). Each of the parallel PHEVs examined is an FP. Powertrain model simulations and limited dynamometer test results for such PHEVGs are compared to the other vehicle types for certification and "on-road" driving cycles from Europe and the U.S. It is illustrated that the conventional wisdom that HEVG has significant superiority over CG primarily in urban stop and go driving should not automatically be extended to PHEVGs. The driving cycle information is related to systematically varying consumer patterns of dwelling choice and vehicle use in cities, suburbs, and rural areas, as well as across nations. Effects of fuel taxation choices by nation-for gasoline, diesel and electric fuel-are investigated. The effects that residential location and type, driving cycle, and fuel cost have on the relative marketability of the studied powertrains, when initially entering the market, are summarized. The sequence of events leading to early emergence of original equipment automaker production and marketing of PHEVGs is discussed.

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“…The focus of Gover [4] is specifically on future fuel chain options for the UK, and Williams et al [10] focused mostly on biomass as a primary energy source. Stodolsky et al [9] studied efficiencies of a larger number of NG fuel chain options which were used as a case in this article and also estimated emissions. Wang [12] also used such a detailed approach to study energy and the emissions impact of using corn and biomass ethanol in motor vehicles while the study has a much broader scope for situations in the USA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Johansson [5] and the IEA [7,8] studied a variety of fuel chains including hydrogen production by electrolysis but not NG-based fuel chains. Natural gas is included as a substitute for crude oil in automotive fuel chains in a number of studies [9][10][11]. Gover [4] and Williams et al [10] only studied a number of NG-based chains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality, China

Rui

Zhang

et al. 2007

Front.Environ.Sci.Eng.China

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Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.

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Total Fuel Cycle Impacts of Advanced Vehicles

Cited by 35 publications

References 8 publications

Novel SOFC Anodes for the Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrocarbons

Novel SOFC Anodes for the Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrocarbons

Where Is the Early Market for PHEVs?

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality, China

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