Total Heats of Gas Oils at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures

Gary, W. W.; Rubin, L.C.; Ward, J.

doi:10.1021/ie50278a016

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The data calculated from Equation 4 orFigure 6are in satisfactory agreement with the experimentally observed values of the investigators cited above, including the cracked gas oils ofWeir and Eaton (24) and Gary, Rubin, and Ward(13). continent crude.…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

“…For high values of reduced pressure, = +0.28 Tr [ 'ß -Pr,-8 In Q (13) where AH = change in heat content with change in pressure from zero to Pr, -where Pr is any pressure in the range of applicability of Equation 9AH' = change in heat content with change in pressure from Pr" to P'R, where is the reduced pressure at the limit of applicability of Equation 9and P'r is any pressure above PRa in the range of Equation 10By using each of these equations in the range of its applicability, a general chart may be derived expressing the change in heat content resulting from a change in pressure from zero to any elevated value. For ordinary calculations the difference between heat content at zero and atmospheric pressures may be disregarded.…”

Section: (Trymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two noteworthy examples of this method are the investigation by Pease and Durgan (13) of the equilibria between ethane, ethylene, and hydrogen, and the recent investigation by Frey and Huppke (2) of the equilibrium dehydrogenations of ethane, propane, and the butanes. How'ever, such studies are necessarily limited to reactions which are not unduly complicated by other side reactions and in which readily measurable quantities of the reacting substances are present under equilibrium conditions.…”

Section: Af°--btmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two n o t e w o r t h y e x a m p l e s of this method are the investigation by Pease a n d D u r g a n (13) of the equilibria between e t h a n e , ethylene, and hydrogen, and the recent investigation by Frey and Huppke (2) of the equilibrium dehydrogenations of ethane, propane, and the b u t a n e s . Two n o t e w o r t h y e x a m p l e s of this method are the investigation by Pease a n d D u r g a n (13) of the equilibria between e t h a n e , ethylene, and hydrogen, and the recent investigation by Frey and Huppke (2) of the equilibrium dehydrogenations of ethane, propane, and the b u t a n e s .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved Methods for Approximating Critical and Thermal Properties of Petroleum Fractions

Watson¹,

Nelson²

1933

Ind. Eng. Chem.

122

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H E published literature and the files of every petroleum laboratory contain many data on the physical p r o p T erties of petroleum fractions, the value of which is limited by the difficulty of correlating them into relationships of general applicability. Such correlations should permit prediction of difficultly measurable properties from the results of standardized inspections such as the Engler distillation and the specific gravity. I n our present state of knowledge it is necessary to resort to many purely empirical relationships which have no apparent theoretical foundation but are valuable in that they correlate existing data with accuracy and permit its extrapolation with some degree of assurance. The relationships presented below are for the most part of the empirical type based on consideration of the best data available at this time. It is recognized that in some cases they are not entirely Iogical and that in all cases the actual numerical values will be subject to revision as more data are collected. AVERAGE BOILING POINT Several different m e t h o d s of e s t a b l i s h i n g a so-called average boiling point of petroleum f r a c t i o n s have been in m o r e o r l e s s g e n e r a l use.By calculating an integrated a v e r a g e o r d i n a t e of the true boiling point curve, an accurate a v e r a g e boiling point may be o b t a i n e d . This average will be weighted on either a volum e t r i c o r a weight basis, depending on the units in which the distillation curve is plotted. An integrated average of the 100-cc. E n g l e r d i s t i l l a t i o n c u r v e s i m i l a r l y gives a fair approximation to the volumetric a v e r a g e boiling point with a tendency toward higher values than are obtained by averag-, ing a volumetric true boiling point curve.As a basis for the correlation of p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , part i c u l a r l y the so-called molal p r o p e r t i e s , a volumetrically weighted average boiling point offers a l e s s logical basis than what may be termed the "molal average boiling point." The molal average boiling point is less than the volumetric average because of the fact that the ratio of specific gravity to molecular weight is higher for the low-boiling members of a hydrocarbon series. Thus, in determining the average boiling point from a volumetric distillation curve, the lower boiling fractions should be given increased weighting in proportion to the variation with boiling point of this ratio of specific gravity to molecular weight. I n Figure 1 is presented a curve giving a correction to be subtracted from the volumetric average boiling point of a petroleum fraction in order to obtain an approximation to its molal average boiling point. This correction is expressed as a function of the slope of the 100-cc. Engler distillation curve and becomes zero as the slope of the curve approaches zero, denoting a pure compound. The general form of this curve was derived by plotting the ratio of specific gravity Two new concepts are introduced f o r correlatio...

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supporting

confidence: 84%

Section: (Trymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Af°--btmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two n o t e w o r t h y e x a m p l e s of this method are the investigation by Pease a n d D u r g a n (13) of the equilibria between e t h a n e , ethylene, and hydrogen, and the recent investigation by Frey and Huppke (2) of the equilibrium dehydrogenations of ethane, propane, and the b u t a n e s . Two n o t e w o r t h y e x a m p l e s of this method are the investigation by Pease a n d D u r g a n (13) of the equilibria between e t h a n e , ethylene, and hydrogen, and the recent investigation by Frey and Huppke (2) of the equilibrium dehydrogenations of ethane, propane, and the b u t a n e s .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved Methods for Approximating Critical and Thermal Properties of Petroleum Fractions

Watson¹,

Nelson²

1933

Ind. Eng. Chem.

122

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show abstract

“…In all cases the curves or lines representing the data were extended only over the temperature range through which actual determinations were made. Wherever total heats above arbitrary base temperatures were reported in the literature (18,71), the specific heats were calculated from the original laboratory data.…”

Section: Specific Heats Of Petroleum Fractionsmentioning

confidence: 99%