Total ozone increase over North America during the 1960's

Komhyr, W. D.; Grass, R. D.; Slocum, Giles

doi:10.1007/bf00881051

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…(9) appears to correspond to the relations reported by Pittock [15] and Hill et al [8] for ozone monitoring. Figure 3 depicts the general shape of (9). The greater the number of observations p'>p Fig.…”

Section: Trend Detectionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The economics of atmosphere monitoring systems: Theory and applications

Sassone

1982

Climatic Change

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Abstxact. In recent years there has been increasing concern with the possibility that man's terrestrial economic activities of production, distribution, and consumption contribute pollutants to the environment in sufficient quantities to upset naturally existing chemical equilibria in the atmosphere. Such inadvertent anthropogenic phenomena have become associated with possible changes in climate (temperature, precipitation, and ultraviolet radiation) whose long term consequences may be serious, if not disastrous. Among other societal reactions to this problem, proposals for various environment monitoring systems have been proffered. Such systems, often envisioned as satellite-based, are costly and their benefits often appear largely intangible. In this research we develop a general methodology for identifying and estimating the economic benefits of environment monitoring systems, and we apply the methodology to the cases of stratospheric ozone depletion and aerosol accumulation. The research synthesizes numerous recent efforts in atmospheric chemistry, climatology, engineering, policy analysis, and primarily economic cost benefit analysis. We find that over a broad range of alternative assumptions and parameter choices, the present value of the economic benefits of an ozone/aerosol monitoring system in the range of $0.5 to $2,0 billion. Somewhat surprisingly, the higher values are associated with the smaller deleterious ozone/aerosol atmospheric trends.

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Section: Trend Detectionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The economics of atmosphere monitoring systems: Theory and applications

Sassone

1982

Climatic Change

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“…The Natural variations in the stratospheric ozone content are considerable, and trends up to 10% decade -• have been reported [Komhyr, 1971;Bitter, 1974]. Here it is assumed that the N:O monitoring program should be able to detect changes in the N:O mixing ratio that could result in an additional 1% decade -• trend in stratospheric ozone.…”

Section: Results On the Direct Measurement Of The Exhalation Of N2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric nitrous oxide in the mid‐latitudes of the southern hemisphere

Roy¹

1979

J. Geophys. Res.

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Results from the first continuous program for studying atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) in the southern hemisphere are presented. Daily measurements at Aspendale, Australia (38.1°S, 145.2°E), yield an average N2O mixing ratio of 340 ppb in dry air for the period October 1976 to May 1978. No significant long‐term trend has been detected. Analysis of air collected at several clean air (marine and rural) locations reveals a significantly lower mixing ratio of 337–338 ppb. The difference is attributed to an urban source of N2O. Results from an extensive air sampling network illustrate the homogeneous distribution of N2O in the troposphere and reveal no variations in mixing ratio which could be attributable to seasonal or synoptic variations. The N2O mixing ratio decreases above the tropopause. Preliminary results of the direct measurement of N2O exhalation from soil are reported. Both the constancy of the N2O mixing ratio in the troposphere and the low exhalation rates from soil suggest a long lifetime for N2O in the atmosphere. This implies small sources and sinks and makes the atmospheric N2O cycle susceptible to anthropogenic inputs. All measurements were made by electron capture gas chromatography with a precision of approximately 1%. The uncertainty in the absolute value of the N2O mixing ratio is 10–15%. The need for accurate and reproducible gas standards and for regular interlaboratory comparisons of standards is discussed.

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“…Similarly, west of Baffin Island, over North America, the speed of the northerly geostrophic winds decreased with time during 1962-1970, but increased with time during [1978][1979][1980][1981][1982][1983][1984][1985][1986][1987][1988][1989][1990]. From Dobson spectrophotometer observations made at seven stations, Kornhyr et al (19) showed that total ozone increased over the United States at a rate of 5.4% per decade during the 1960s, the time of decreasing north wind speeds. Analysis of provisional Dobson spectrophotometer total ozone data obtained over the United States during the past 10 years, a time of increasing north wind speeds, has indicated ozone to have decreased at a rate of 3.6% per decade.…”

Section: Ozone Decrease Over North America During 1978-1990mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…eruption of El Chichon volcano; hence, the nonparts of the world (6,18,19).During 1976During -1987, the time of correlation in the data.the recent downward trend in global ozone, the strength of the QBO winds at 30 and 50 mbar in the equatorial Pacific over maximum easterly winds increased with time at a rate of Singapore (lON, 103"E) are plotted in Figs. 1C and lD, respec-(Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Possible influence of long-term sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific on global ozone

Komhyr¹,

Oltmans²,

Grass³

et al. 1991

Can. J. Phys.

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A significant negative correlation exists between June–August sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the eastern equatorial Pacific and 15–31 October total ozone values at South Pole, Antarctica. SSTs in the eastern equatorial Pacific were anomalously warmer by 0.67 °C during 1976–1987 compared with 1962–1975. Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) easterly winds in the equatorial Pacific stratosphere were generally stronger after 1975 than they were before that time. Prior to the early-to-mid 1970s the trend in global ozone was generally upward, but then turned downward. Total ozone at Hawaii and Samoa, which had been decreasing at a rate of about 0.35% yr−1 during 1976–1987, showed recovery to mid-1970s values in 1988–1989 following a drop in SSTs in the eastern equatorial Pacific to low values last observed there prior to 1976. During 15–31 October 1988, total ozone at South Pole, which had decreased from about 280 Dobson units (DU) prior to 1980 to 140 DU in 1987, suddenly recovered to 250 DU, though substantial ozone depletion by heterogeneous photochemical processes involving polar stratospheric clouds was still evident in the South Pole ozone vertical profiles. These observations suggest that the downward trend in ozone observed over the globe in recent years may have been at least partially meteorologically induced, possibly through modulation by the warmer tropical Pacific ocean waters of QBO easterly winds at the equator, of planetary waves in the extratropics, of the interaction of QBO winds and planetary waves, and of Hadley Cell circulation. A cursory analysis of geostrophic wind flow around the Baffin Island low suggests a meteorological influence on the observed downward trend in ozone over North America during the past decade. Because ozone has a lifetime that varies from minutes to hours in the primary ozone production region at high altitudes in the tropical stratosphere to months and years in the low stratosphere, changes in atmospheric dynamics have the potential for not only redistributing ozone over the globe, but also changing global ozone abundance.

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Total ozone increase over North America during the 1960's

Cited by 22 publications

References 3 publications

The economics of atmosphere monitoring systems: Theory and applications

The economics of atmosphere monitoring systems: Theory and applications

Atmospheric nitrous oxide in the mid‐latitudes of the southern hemisphere

Possible influence of long-term sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific on global ozone

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