“…To achieve the rigidity of the reconstructed trachea, artificial materials (e.g., polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene mesh, polyethylene, titanium mesh, and hydroxyapatite), (Ebihara et al, ; Yu et al, , ) rib cartilage, (Ch'ng et al, ; Ebihara et al, ; Fukunaga et al, ; Fujiwara et al, ; Hamahata et al, ; Teng et al, ) auricular cartilage, (Fujiwara et al, ; Koshima et al, ; Detwiller et al, ) clavicle, (Homma et al, ) radius, (Al‐Khudari et al, ), and femur (Kashiwa et al, ; Ninkovic et al, ) are used to prevent tracheal collapse during respiration. Since cartilage has been shown to resorb and cause airway collapse (Anderl & Haid, ; Yu et al, ), we use bone grafts in most cases (rib cartilage was used in one case). Cartilage is also fragile and subject to calcification in adults.…”