Total Synthesis of the Alleged Structure of Crenarchaeol Enables Structure Revision**

Holzheimer, Mira; Damsté, Jaap S. Sinninghe; Schouten, Stefan; Havenith, Remco W. A.; Cunha, Ana V.; Minnaard, Adriaan J.

doi:10.1002/anie.202105384

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Thus, we hypothesize that the different isomers of archaeol‐1 and ‐2 are diastereomers of one another, differing in their stereochemistry around the cyclopentane ring (cis vs. trans configuration) (Figure S11a,b, S12a–e). Previous studies have determined that the stereochemistry of the cyclopentane rings in GDGTs from S. acidocaldarius (Montenegro et al., 2003), crenarchaeol from Thaumarchaeota (Holzheimer et al., 2021), and environmental GDGT‐derived compounds (Lutnaes et al., 2006) appears to be exclusively trans, particularly with a C7( S )‐C10( S ) configuration. However, one notable exception is the potential presence of a cis‐configured cyclopentane ring in the enigmatic crenarchaeol isomer (Sinninghe Damsté et al., 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetraether archaeal lipids promote long‐term survival in extreme conditions

Liman,

Garcia,

Fluke

et al. 2024

Molecular Microbiology

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The sole unifying feature of the incredibly diverse Archaea is their isoprenoid‐based ether‐linked lipid membranes. Unique lipid membrane composition, including an abundance of membrane‐spanning tetraether lipids, impart resistance to extreme conditions. Many questions remain, however, regarding the synthesis and modification of tetraether lipids and how dynamic changes to archaeal lipid membrane composition support hyperthermophily. Tetraether membranes, termed glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), are generated by tetraether synthase (Tes) by joining the tails of two bilayer lipids known as archaeol. GDGTs are often further specialized through the addition of cyclopentane rings by GDGT ring synthase (Grs). A positive correlation between relative GDGT abundance and entry into stationary phase growth has been observed, but the physiological impact of inhibiting GDGT synthesis has not previously been reported. Here, we demonstrate that the model hyperthermophile Thermococcus kodakarensis remains viable when Tes (TK2145) or Grs (TK0167) are deleted, permitting phenotypic and lipid analyses at different temperatures. The absence of cyclopentane rings in GDGTs does not impact growth in T. kodakarensis, but an overabundance of rings due to ectopic Grs expression is highly fitness negative at supra‐optimal temperatures. In contrast, deletion of Tes resulted in the loss of all GDGTs, cyclization of archaeol, and loss of viability upon transition to the stationary phase in this model archaea. These results demonstrate the critical roles of highly specialized, dynamic, isoprenoid‐based lipid membranes for archaeal survival at high temperatures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetraether archaeal lipids promote long‐term survival in extreme conditions

Liman,

Garcia,

Fluke

et al. 2024

Molecular Microbiology

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“…They use glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) as their membranespanning lipids, which can contain a varying number of cyclopentane moieties (see Schouten et al, 2013, for a review). In addition, they contain crenarchaeol, a structurally unique GDGT with one cyclohexane and four cyclopentane moieties (Sinninghe Damsté et al, 2002;Holzheimer et al, 2021). Like most archaea (De Rosa and Gambacorta, 1988), thaumarchaea adjust the number of cyclopentane moieties depending on growth temperature (Wuchter et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the distributions of hydroxylated glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in Holocene Baltic Sea sediments for reconstruction of sea surface temperature: the effect of changing salinity

et al. 2022

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Abstract. Hydroxylated glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (OH-GDGTs) produced by both marine and freshwater thaumarchaea are increasingly used for the reconstruction of past sea surface temperature (SST). They occur throughout the modern Baltic Sea, but it is unknown if OH-GDGTs can be used for assessing past SST in this area, where salinity has changed considerably over the Holocene. Three commonly applied OH-GDGT proxies for SST reconstruction, i.e., the OH-GDGT%, RI-OH, and RI-OH′ indices, were tested using a thaumarchaeotal culture enriched from the Baltic Sea grown at 4 and 22 ∘C, as well as 12 surface sediments from the Baltic Sea and the adjacent Skagerrak. In the culture experiments all three proxies showed the expected response with the rise in temperature, but their absolute values were not always in line with existing marine core-top calibrations, especially for the OH-GDGT% index. Of the two proxies based on the distribution of OH-GDGTs, the RI-OH index shows no increase with increasing mean annual SST, whilst the RI-OH′ index shows only a linear correlation with SST when the sediments from the Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay area, with a reduced salinity and increased lateral sediment influx, are omitted from the dataset. Two sedimentary Holocene records from the Arkona and Gotland basins were studied, the latter in high resolution. In the brackish phase of the Baltic Sea (the Littorina Sea stage), the RI-OH′ index shows a good correlation with the TEX86L, an established temperature proxy in the Baltic Sea, and can be used to identify important climatic events. However, during the preceding Ancylus Lake phase the RI-OH′ (and RI-OH) index records values that are far too high, resulting in anomalously high SST estimates. This is probably because freshwater thaumarchaea adjust their OH-GDGTs differently, as has been shown for thaumarchaea in Lake Lugano's water column. In the Littorina Sea, Ancylus Lake, and Yoldia Lake phases of the Baltic basin, the record of the RI-OH′ index thus most likely reflects changes in both temperature and salinity. Overall, our study indicates that a reduced salinity increases the values of the RI-OH′ (and RI-OH) indices substantially, and this should be considered when applying these proxies in other settings.

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“…They use glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) as their membrane-spanning lipids, which can contain a varying number of cyclopentane moieties (see, Schouten et al, 2013 for a review). In addition, they contain crenarchaeol, a structurally unique GDGT with one cyclohexane and four cyclopentane moieties (Sinninghe Damsté et al, 2002;Holzheimer et al, 2021). Like most archaea (De Rosa and Gambacorta, 1988), thaumarchaea adjust the number of cyclopentane moieties depending on growth temperature (Wuchter et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the distributions of hydroxylated isoprenoidal GDGTs in Holocene Baltic Sea sediments for reconstruction of sea surface temperature: The effect of changing salinity

Damsté

Warden

Berg

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Abstract. Hydroxylated glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (OH-GDGTs) produced by both marine and freshwater thaumarchaea are increasingly used for the reconstruction of past sea surface temperature (SST). They occur throughout the modern Baltic Sea, but it is unknown if their OH-GDGTs can be used for assessing past SST in this area, where salinity has changed considerably over the Holocene. Three commonly applied OH-GDGT for SST reconstruction, i.e., the OH-GDGT%, RI-OH, and RI-OH´ indices, were tested using a Thaumarchaeotal culture enriched from the Baltic Sea grown at 4 and 22 °C, and 12 surface sediments from the Baltic Sea and the adjacent Skagerrak. In the culture experiments all three proxies showed the expected response with the rise of temperature, but their absolute values were not always in line with existing marine core top calibrations, especially for the OH-GDGT% index. Of the two proxies based on the distribution of OH-GDGTs, the RI-OH index shows no increase with increasing mean annual SST, whilst the RI-OH´ index shows a linear correlation with SST when the sediments from the Bothnian Sea and Bay area, with a reduced salinity and increased lateral sediment influx, are omitted. Two sedimentary Holocene records from the Arkona and Gotland basins were studied, the latter in high resolution. In the brackish phase of the Baltic Sea (the Littorina Sea stage), the RI-OH´ index shows a good correlation with the TEX86L, an established temperature proxy in the Baltic Sea, and can be used to identify important climatic events. However, during the preceding Ancylus Lake phase the RI-OH´ (and RI-OH) index records far too high values, resulting in anomalously high SST estimates. This is probably because freshwater thaumarchaea adjust their OH-GDGTs differently, as has been shown for thaumarchaea in Lake Lugano’s water column. In the Littorina Sea, the Ancylus Lake and the Yoldia Lake phases of the Baltic basin, the record of the RI-OH´ index, thus, most likely reflects both changes in temperature and salinity. Overall, our study indicates that a reduced salinity increases the values of the RI-OH´ (and RI-OH) indices substantially and this should be considered when applying these proxies in other settings.

show abstract

Total Synthesis of the Alleged Structure of Crenarchaeol Enables Structure Revision**

Cited by 14 publications

References 54 publications

Tetraether archaeal lipids promote long‐term survival in extreme conditions

Tetraether archaeal lipids promote long‐term survival in extreme conditions

Evaluation of the distributions of hydroxylated glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in Holocene Baltic Sea sediments for reconstruction of sea surface temperature: the effect of changing salinity

Evaluation of the distributions of hydroxylated isoprenoidal GDGTs in Holocene Baltic Sea sediments for reconstruction of sea surface temperature: The effect of changing salinity

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