2022
DOI: 10.7554/elife.81449
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Touch-sensitive stamens enhance pollen dispersal by scaring away visitors

Abstract: Animal-pollinated plants have to get pollen to a conspecific stigma while protecting it from getting eaten. Touch-sensitive stamens, which are found in hundreds of flowering plants, are thought to function in enhancing pollen export and reducing its loss, but experimental tests are scarce. Stamens of Berberis and Mahonia are inserted between paired nectar glands and when touched by an insect’s tongue rapidly snap forward so that their valvate anthers press pollen on the insect’s tongue or face. We immobilized … Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…It is important to distinguish aposematism, a repelling or deterring strategy, from pollination efficiency-related selection, such as the "bee avoidance hypothesis", where plants evolved to discourage bees and attract more efficient pollinators (e.g., [92,93]). Similarly, the scaring away of pollinators after they are loaded with pollen by the quick movement of stamens in order to enhance pollen dispersal [94,95] should also not be considered aposematism.…”
Section: Flower Aposematismmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…It is important to distinguish aposematism, a repelling or deterring strategy, from pollination efficiency-related selection, such as the "bee avoidance hypothesis", where plants evolved to discourage bees and attract more efficient pollinators (e.g., [92,93]). Similarly, the scaring away of pollinators after they are loaded with pollen by the quick movement of stamens in order to enhance pollen dispersal [94,95] should also not be considered aposematism.…”
Section: Flower Aposematismmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, nectar is produced not only in flowers but also in the leaves and branches of thousands of species (e.g., [141]), where it commonly attracts ants as bodyguards against herbivores (e.g., [141][142][143]). The patrolling defending ants may deter legitimate efficient pollinators, causing a conflict of interest for the plants [94,144,145]. Therefore, as described below, in order to overcome that conflict, the nectars and volatiles of many plant species deter ants from visiting the flowers.…”
Section: Colorful Toxic and Bitter Nectarsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is not surprising, as it is primarily in interactions with moving animals where plant reaction speed matters. Less widely known are thigmonastic movements of floral parts upon contact by animal pollinators (Braam 2005); these include moderately rapid movements of stamens and corolla (Henning et al 2018; Dai et al 2021; Li et al 2022; Tagawa et al 2022) and rapid (as little as 2 seconds) closure of stigma lobes in many members of the Lamiales (Newcombe 1922). Stigma thigmonasty is widespread, evolutionarily labile (Friedman et al 2017), and linked to reproductive fitness (Fetscher and Kohn 1999; Krishna et al 2023), making it an appealing system for understanding the evolutionary genetic of floral mechanosensing and motion.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2023). However, whether pollen removal and pollination efficiency (pollination efficiency = pollen deposition/pollen removal, see Li et al . 2022) are affected by body size of pollinators is still unknown.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%