Tough double network elastomers reinforced by the amorphous cellulose network

Abstract

Amorphous cellulose-based tough double-network (DN) elastomers were successfully fabricated. These elastomers comprise interpenetrated poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) network as the soft matrix and the amorphous cellulose network as the brittle component. Unlike carbonblack-filled conventional rubbers, the obtained cellulose/PEA DN elastomers are transparent and can be dyed without any color limitation. Although the cellulose network in the DN elastomer comprises only 2.55 wt%, such cellulose network efficiently reinforces in toughness (10 times), stiffness (28 times), strength (8 times), and durability of the DN elastomer compared to the PEA elastomer. The structure and toughening mechanism of the cellulose/PEA DN elastomers are different from previously reported cellulose composites, in which cellulose nanocrystals were used simply as fillers. Upon deformation, the brittle cellulose network in the DN elastomer is ruptured sacrificially to dissipate energy, which effectively prevents crack propagation. The damaged cellulose network recovers its original structure to show recoverable mechanical properties by thermal annealing.

Poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid)/chitosan semi‐interpenetrating hydrogel for pressure sensor and controlled drug release

“…Figure 2C shows the cyclic tensile testing of loading‐unloading curves of hydrogel P(AM‐co‐ 5.6 AA)/CS‐ 2.4 for five times. The big hysteresis and residual strain come from after the first tensile loading‐unloading cycle, which resulted from energy dissipating by overcoming interaction of friction, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and rearrangement of disordered polymer chains formed in the process of copolymerization of hydrogel 40 . The hysteresis is significantly smaller in the subsequent four cycles, which indicates that the hydrogel chain recovers quickly by rebuilding ionic and hydrogen bonds.…”

A Review on Tough Soft Composites at Different Length Scales

“…As long as the concentration ratio between the first and second networks is carefully controlled, physical hydrogels with DN features can also be successfully fabricated. The DN method was firstly employed in the hydrogel systems and later proven to be applicable in elastomer systems [29,[48][49][50].…”

“…As long as the concentration ratio between the first and second networks is carefully controlled, physical hydrogels with DN features can also be successfully fabricated. The DN method was firstly employed in the hydrogel systems and later proven to be applicable in elastomer systems [29,[48][49][50]. The preparation of typical DN elastomers is slightly different from that of DN hydrogels since neutral monomers are commonly utilized to construct the first network.…”

Velocity Jump of Crack Propagation in Viscoelastic Solids

“…を参照頂 きたい．特に，原著論文 4) の Supplemental Information には， 数学的な結果が詳細に記載されている．以下では，まず速度 ジャンプ現象について解説する．次に，著者らの研究 4,6) に ついて解説する．最後に，まとめと今後の展望を述べる． 10,11) が，最 近まで関連する文献はあまり出版されていない．しかし，2010 年代以降，多数の詳細な実験的解析 [12][13][14][15][16] が報告され，注目を 集めている．また，高強度ハイドロゲル(大量の水を含む高 分子網目)の一種であるダブルネットワークゲル は，速度ジャンプが生じる際のエネルギー解放率…”