Toughening epoxy resin with liquid rubber and its hybrid composites: A systematic review

Neves, Roberta Motta; Ornaghi, Heitor Luiz; Zattera, Ademir J.; Amico, Sandro Campos

doi:10.1007/s10965-022-03195-z

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…It is noteworthy that the K IC and G IC of T10 are already significantly higher than that of a liquid epoxy resin cured with dicyandiamide, which typically range from 0.6 to 0.7 MPam 0.5 . [46][47][48] In epoxy resin systems toughened with layered silica, liquid rubbers and coreshell particles, [49][50][51][52] there is an optimal filler content for high toughness. In conclusion, for the system studied in this investigation, the optimal filler content for high toughness is at or above the stoichiometric ratio of R = 1.5.…”

Section: Fracture Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the stoichiometric ratio on the in‐situ formation of crystals and the mechanical properties of epoxy resin cured withl‐tyrosine

Rothenhäusler,

Ruckdaeschel

2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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One of the most influential ways to alter the network structure of thermosets is to change the stoichiometric ratio (R) between the functional groups of the resin and curing agent. Therefore, the influence of the stoichiometric ratio on the network structure and mechanical properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) cured with l‐tyrosine was investigated with the goal to derive structure–property relationships. Mixtures of DGEBA and l‐tyrosine were prepared using three‐roll milling, with stoichiometric ratios ranging from 0.9 < R < 1.5. Upon increasing R, a greater abundance of l‐tyrosine crystals was observed, serving as reinforcements within the epoxy matrix. As a result, the network structure and glass transition temperature displayed only marginal changes compared to epoxy resins cured with conventional amine curing agents. Notably, the flexural strength and strain at failure exhibited insignificant variations. Interestingly, the addition of additional l‐tyrosine to the resin resulted in an augmented fracture toughness, indicating the toughening capabilities of l‐tyrosine crystals. As a result, the amino acid acts not only as a curing agent but also as a toughening agent. Consequently, further incorporation of l‐tyrosine into the thermoset proved advantageous, enhancing its overall mechanical performance. Highlights Proofing the existence of amino acid crystals in the epoxy matrix Showing that over‐stoichiometric ratios result in more amino acid crystals Demonstrating that the network structure and Tg change only slightly l‐tyrosine crystals act as toughening agents and increase fracture toughness Structure–property relationships between R and mechanical properties

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Section: Fracture Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the stoichiometric ratio on the in‐situ formation of crystals and the mechanical properties of epoxy resin cured withl‐tyrosine

Rothenhäusler,

Ruckdaeschel

2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…Among those, the most commonly used toughening technology for EP is to introduce the second phase as the toughening agent to promote the energy dissipation in the process of crack growth through crazing, shear banding, particle bonding, crack pinning, etc. So far, several toughening additives have been widely introduced to EP system and have shown significant improvement in fracture toughness, such as liquid rubber, − thermoplastic polymers, − and core–shell particles (CSP). − Li et al using micron polystyrene (PS) microspheres toughened EP and the impact strength of EP composites with 2.5 wt % PS was increased by 22% compared with the neat EP. In addition, Wang and his co-workers developed a hybrid toughening agent with the help of CSP and block copolymer particles (BCP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultratough Epoxy Resin Based on an Ionic Complex from Phytic Acid

Lou,

He,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In this study, phytic acid (PA) and 1,10-diaminodecane (DAD) were neutralized in a single step to develop the biobased ionic complex PA-DAD, which was then utilized as a toughener to increase the toughness of epoxy resin (EP). As a result of the sacrificial ionic bonds between DAD and PA, the fracture toughness of composites containing PA-DAD was substantially enhanced. Compared to neat EP, the tensile and flexural toughness of composited EP increased by 697 and 1028%, respectively, when PA-DAD was added at 6 wt %. Additionally, impact, tensile, and flexural strengths were enhanced by 201, 42, and 45%, respectively. Moreover, the modified EP had favorable flame retardancy due to the high phosphorus concentration of PA-DAD. The EP/6% PA-DAD showed a 27.7, 24.2, and 29.6% decrease in total smoke production, total heat release, and peak heat release rate, respectively, as compared to neat EP. The results of this investigation suggested a simple approach to toughening EP systems, which would expand the use of biobased tougheners.

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“…Due to the very large number of potential modifiers to be used in the preparation of hybrid epoxy composites, this review focuses on nanofillers (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, montmorillonite, silica, …) and other modifiers such as thermoplastics, liquid rubbers, thermosets, diluents. Very interesting reviews have already been published in recent years on hybrid epoxy nanocomposites [ 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. The manuscript would provide a very significant contribution for industrialists and academics since it features the positive toughening of the DGEBA with two modifiers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Epoxy Nanocomposites: Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Toughening Mechanisms—A Review

Białkowska¹,

Bakar²,

Kucharczyk

et al. 2023

Polymers

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This article presents a review on the recent advances in the field of ternary diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy nanocomposites containing nanoparticles and other modifiers. Particular attention is paid to their mechanical and thermal properties. The properties of epoxy resins were improved by incorporating various single toughening agents, in solid or liquid states. This latter process often resulted in the improvement in some properties at the expense of others. The use of two appropriate modifiers for the preparation of hybrid composites, possibly will show a synergistic effect on the performance properties of the composites. Due to the huge amount of modifiers that were used, the present paper will focus mainly on largely employed nanoclays with modifiers in a liquid and solid state. The former modifier contributes to an increase in the flexibility of the matrix, while the latter modifier is intended to improve other properties of the polymer depending on its structure. Various studies which were carried out on hybrid epoxy nanocomposites confirmed the occurrence of a synergistic effect within the tested performance properties of the epoxy matrix. Nevertheless, there are still ongoing research works using other nanoparticles and other modifiers aiming at enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy resins. Despite numerous studies carried out so far to assess the fracture toughness of epoxy hybrid nanocomposites, some problems still remain unresolved. Many research groups are dealing with many aspects of the subject, namely the choice of modifiers and preparation methods, while taking into account the protection of the environment and the use of components from natural resources.

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Toughening epoxy resin with liquid rubber and its hybrid composites: A systematic review

Cited by 15 publications

References 59 publications

Influence of the stoichiometric ratio on the in‐situ formation of crystals and the mechanical properties of epoxy resin cured withl‐tyrosine

Influence of the stoichiometric ratio on the in‐situ formation of crystals and the mechanical properties of epoxy resin cured withl‐tyrosine

Ultratough Epoxy Resin Based on an Ionic Complex from Phytic Acid

Hybrid Epoxy Nanocomposites: Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Toughening Mechanisms—A Review

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