Toughening mystery of natural rubber deciphered by double network incorporating hierarchical structures

Zhang, Weiming; Li, Xiangyang; Lü, Jie; Huang, Ningdong; Chen, Liang; Qi, Zeming; Li, Liangbin; Liang, Haiyi

doi:10.1038/srep07502

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Other studies concerning rubber fatigue resistance have shown increased crystallization at the ruptured site [38,39]. In these works, the analyzed cracks are always macroscopic, but the microscopic ligaments shown in Figure 4f are like others that are a consequence of rubber chain alignment and crystallization [40], and were also observed at microscopic scale.…”

Section: Rubber Surface Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 70%

Rubber Surface Change and Static Charging under Periodic Stress

Santos

Campo

Silva

et al. 2018

Colloids and Interfaces

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Rubber materials play an important role in robotics, due to their sensing and actuating abilities, that are exploited in soft smart materials endowed with shape-adaptive and electroadhesive properties. The application of an electric field produces non-linear deformation that has been extensively modelled, but is not understood at the molecular level. The symmetric effect (the production of an electric field due to rubber deformation) was recently discovered and explained as follows: rubber surface chemical composition and adsorptive properties change during rubber deformation, allowing the surface to exchange charge with the atmosphere. The present work describes the complex surface morphology and microchemistry of tubing made from vulcanized natural rubber, showing that it is rough and made from two domain types: stiffer elevations containing Br or Al (depending on the sample used) and O, that rise above an elastic base that is exempt of elements other than C and H. The surface area fraction occupied by the elastic base is higher in the strained rubber than when it is relaxed. Electrostatic potential on rubber surfaces was measured as a function of the stretching frequency, using Kelvin electrodes and showing frequency-dependent potential variation. This is explained considering charge exchange between the atmosphere and rubber surface, mediated by water vapor adsorbed in the stretched rubber and trapped when it relaxes.Colloids Interfaces 2018, 2, 55 2 of 11 of rubber performance in many important situations, but this does not benefit from knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of the observed phenomena.Recent work from this group described a new finding on the electrostatic behavior of elastomers: in short, rubber tube stretching, followed by relaxation, provokes the appearance of transient excess charge that is more pronounced under higher relative humidity [14]. This effect is not related to any existing electrostatic charging phenomenon (piezoelectricity, flexoelectricity, triboelectricity, and contact charging) and a new mechanism was then proposed to explain charge pick-up and dissipation by stretched elastomers, as the result of water adsorption and the partition of water ions (H + and OH − ) in the rubber-air interface, due to periodic rubber surface modification.Other unexpected findings on electrostatic phenomena in dielectrics have been described recently, leading to a revision of widespread ideas on electrostatic charging and its mechanisms [15]. Important aspects of electrostatic phenomena are not well understood [16][17][18], but tribo-and piezoelectricity are important sources of the electrostatic potentials detected in anthropic environments, often reaching many-thousand volts. They are currently used in nanotribogenerators, with great success. This is creating new opportunities for energy scavenging [19][20][21], and it is probably relevant to the prevention of harmful electrostatic discharge.Knowledge of the electrostatic behavior of elastomers is more limited than in the case of semicrystallin...

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Section: Rubber Surface Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 70%

Rubber Surface Change and Static Charging under Periodic Stress

Santos

Campo

Silva

et al. 2018

Colloids and Interfaces

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“…Even though fillers likely introduce some differences in crack propagation mechanisms, Xiang et al conclusion can still be considered. In particular, they resume an interesting parallel, initially proposed by Zhou et al [87], between the mechanisms induced by SIC and those occurring with double networks. At the front of the crack tip, soft domains which might contain cavities, micro-cracks and amorphous or less crystallized rubber parts alternate with hard domains of highly orientated and more crystallized ligaments.…”

Section: Specificity Of Polymers Which Can Crystallize With Strainmentioning

confidence: 60%

About the Influence of Materials Parameters on the Ultimate and Fatigue Properties of Elastomers

Chazeau

Chenal

Gauthier

et al. 2020

Advances in Polymer Science

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The aim of this chapter is to revisit the historical works, mechanisms and modeling approaches available in the field of fatigue crack growth resistance and rupture properties. After introducing the methodology developed to evaluate these properties, the impact of testing parameters such as temperature, loading speed and pre-deformation will be highlighted. We will then review the influence of some material characteristics on rupture and crack propagation and the local mechanisms involved. Finally, a theoretical framework primarily dedicated to the description of crack propagation under static load will be discussed, that aims to underline the connection between resistance to crack growth and the ability of a material to dissipate energy.

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“…The apparent crystallinity ( X c ) is calculated by the following equation:

X_{c} = \frac{A_{c}}{A_{c} + A_{a}}

Where A c and A a represent the sum of areas under the crystalline and amorphous peaks in 1D integrated curve of WAXS patterns, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology diagram of PE gel films in wide range temperature‐strain space: An in situ SAXS and WAXS study

Chen

et al. 2019

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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Deformation-induced structural evolution of polyethylene (PE) gel films were investigated by in situ synchrotron radiation SAXS and WAXS techniques during stretching at temperatures from 25 C to 110 C. The structural evolutions along tensile strains showed distinct behaviors in the four temperature regions divided by T αI and T αII given by DMA and the onset point of melting measured by DSC, respectively, which was determined by the coupling effects of external stretching field and temperature. Finally, the morphological diagrams of PE gel films on distinct scales including long period of lamellae, crystallinity, and crystal size in 2D temperature-strain space were established, which can give a direct sight of membrane morphologies and act as a map for processing parameters selection.

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Toughening mystery of natural rubber deciphered by double network incorporating hierarchical structures

Cited by 27 publications

References 41 publications

Rubber Surface Change and Static Charging under Periodic Stress

Rubber Surface Change and Static Charging under Periodic Stress

About the Influence of Materials Parameters on the Ultimate and Fatigue Properties of Elastomers

Morphology diagram of PE gel films in wide range temperature‐strain space: An in situ SAXS and WAXS study

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