Toughening of polyamide 12/nanoclay nanocomposites by incompatible styrene‐butadiene‐styrene rubber through tailoring interfacial adhesion and fracture mechanism

Abstract

The main drawback of polyamide 12 (PA 12)/nanoclay nanocomposites in their wide range of potential engineering applications known as diminished toughness was overcome using incompatible styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) rubber. Applying optimal processing parameters for co-rotating twin-screw extrusion resulted in strong interfacial adhesion of matrix and rubber and intercalated and delaminated nanoclay stacks confined in the matrix. The formulation of compatibilized PA 12/SBS/nanoclay nanocomposites was optimized by employing response surface Box-Behnken methodology. A combination of microscopic methods, that is, atomic force microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and transmission optical microscopy, along with single-edge-double-notch four-point-bending technique, was exploited to exhaustively explore the toughening mechanisms and microstructure. The findings verify that by tailoring the rubber/matrix interfacial strength and nanocomposite morphology, the Izod impact strength of PA 12/nanoclay nanocomposites is noticeably improved even by incorporating an incompatible rubber and tough fracture mechanisms including rubber particle cavitation and largescale shear yielding are attained. K E Y W O R D Sdamage zone, nanocomposites, polyamides, rubber, toughness

Aramid Nanofiber Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites via Amide–Amide Hydrogen Bonding

“…Galineau et al reported a 20% and 33% increase in the elastic modulus of 4 and 5 wt % nanoclay reinforced polycarbonate and poly­(lactic acid), respectively . However, the inorganic material is typically inert and requires specific surface treatments to increase its reactivity and compatibility with the polymer matrix as well as to enable exfoliation. , Moreover, the simultaneous improvement of strength and toughness was only achievable in epoxy nanocomposites and was not applicable to other polymers such as PA6, − PA12, polypropylene (PP), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) . Nonetheless, considerable research efforts continue to focus on nanoclay reinforced polymers, as Beesetty et al recently reported the fabrication of Nanoclay/HDPE nanocomposites through an additive manufacturing approach, while Abdelwahab et al presented PA6 bio-nanocomposites incorporating biocarbon and nanoclay hybrid systems .…”

Modification of Polyamide 66 for a Media-Tight Hybrid Composite with Aluminum

“…On the one hand, this may have been due to the change in the chemical structure caused by the impact modifier. The modifier largely consisted of styrene and formed a two-phase mixture due to its incompatibility with polyamide [ 16 ]. On the other hand, it is possible that the impact modifier changed the bond of the fiber to the matrix.…”

The effect of secondary nanofiller on mechanical properties and formulation optimization of HDPE/nanoclay/nanoCaCO3 hybrid nanocomposites using response surface methodology

“…Further, β i , β ii , and β ij are the coefficients of linear, quadratic, and interaction effects, respectively. [30][31][32][33] 2.3 | Characterization 2.3.1 | X-ray diffraction X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were collected at the room temperature by an X-ray diffractometer…”

“…Further, β i , β ii , and β ij are the coefficients of linear, quadratic, and interaction effects, respectively. [30][31][32][33] 2.3 | Characterization…”