Toughening structural adhesives via nano- and micro-phase inclusions

Kinloch, A. J.; Lee, J. H.; Taylor, A. C.; Sprenger, Stephan; Eger, Christian; Egan, D.

doi:10.1080/00218460309551

Cited by 204 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Further, despite the relatively high silica content of 26 vol%, the nanofilled epoxy resin still has a comparatively low viscosity due to the agglomerate-free colloidal dispersion of the nanoparticles in the resin. The small diameter and good dispersion of the nanoparticles of silica have been previously reported and shown [15,16].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is via the addition of a nanophase structure in the polymer, where the nanophase consists of small rigid particles of silica [15][16][17][18]. Such nanoparticle-modified epoxies have been shown to not only increase further the toughness of the epoxy polymer but also, due to the very small size of the silica particles, not to lead to a significant increase in the viscosity of the epoxy monomer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

Johnsen

Kinloch

Mohammed

et al. 2007

Polymer

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862

576

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An epoxy resin, cured with an anhydride, has been modified by the addition of silica nanoparticles.The particles were introduced via a sol-gel technique which gave a very well dispersed phase of nanosilica particles which were about 20 nm in diameter. Atomic force and electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles were well dispersed throughout the epoxy matrix. The glass transition temperature was unchanged by the addition of the nanoparticles, but both the modulus and toughness were increased. The measured modulus was compared to theoretical models, and good agreement was found. The fracture energy increased from 100 J/m 2 for the unmodified epoxy to 460 J/m 2 for the epoxy with 13 vol% of nanosilica. The fracture surfaces were inspected using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, and the results were compared to various toughening mechanisms proposed in the literature. The toughening mechanisms of crack pinning, crack deflection and immobilised polymer were discounted. The microscopy showed evidence of debonding of the nanoparticles and subsequent plastic void growth. A theoretical model of plastic void growth was used to confirm that this mechanism was indeed most likely to be responsible for the increased toughness that was observed due to the addition of the nanoparticles. IntroductionEpoxy polymers are widely used for the matrices of fibre-reinforced composite materials and as adhesives. When cured, epoxies are amorphous and highly-crosslinked (i.e. thermosetting)polymers. This microstructure results in many useful properties for structural engineering applications, such as a high modulus and failure strength, low creep, and good performance at elevated temperatures.However, the structure of such thermosetting polymers also leads to a highly undesirable property in that they are relatively brittle materials, with a poor resistance to crack initiation and growth.Nevertheless, it has been well established for many years that the incorporation of a second microphase of a dispersed rubber, e.g. Hence rigid, inorganic particles have also been used, as these can increase the toughness without affecting the glass transition temperature of the epoxy. Here glass beads or ceramic (e.g. silica or alumina) particles with a diameter of between 4 and 100 μm are typically used, e.g. [9][10][11][12][13][14].However, these relatively large particles also significantly increase the viscosity of the resin, reducing the ease of processing. In addition, due to the size of these particles they are unsuitable for use with infusion processes for the production of fibre composites as they are strained out by the small gaps between the fibres.More recently, a new technology has emerged which holds promise for increasing the mechanical performance of such thermosetting polymers. This is via the addition of a nanophase structure in the polymer, where the nanophase consists of small rigid particles of silica [15][16][17][18]. Such nanoparticle-modified epoxies have been shown to not only increase further the toug...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

Johnsen

Kinloch

Mohammed

et al. 2007

Polymer

Self Cite

862

576

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, the synergistic effect of having a multiphase structure based upon both silica nanoparticles and micron-sized rubbery domains is again demonstrated [12,13].…”

Section: Mode II Fracture Performance Of the Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fracture of glass-fibre-reinforced epoxy composites using nanoparticle-modified matrices

et al. 2007

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“…However, reductions in strain-to-failure, impact resistance, and fracture toughness are major limitations of such fillers. [6][7][8][9] The composite properties strongly rely on the volume of fillers in the matrix as well as the filler size. To improve the composite mechanical properties, the fillers must have maximum contact with the matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Optical Degradation Characteristics of Eu Complex Encapsulated by High-Pressure Annealing

Kato¹,

Fukuda²,

Akiyama³

et al. 2011

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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In this study, we explored the use of rice-husk-derived nanosilica (nSiO 2 ) as fillers in epoxy resins. The nSiO 2 was irradiated with a capacitively coupled 13.56 MHz radio frequency (RF) plasma using an admixture of argon (Ar) and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) or 1,7-octadiene (OD) monomers. The plasma-polymerized nSiO 2 was loaded at various concentrations (1-5%) into the epoxy matrix. Surface hydrophobicity of the plasma-treated nSiO 2 -filled composites increased, which is attributed to the attachment of functional groups from the monomer gases on the silica surface. Microhardness increased by at least 10% upon the inclusion of plasma-modified nSiO 2 compared with pristine nSiO 2 -epoxy composites. Likewise, hardness increased with increasing loading volume, with the HMDSO-treated silica composite recording the highest increase. Elastic moduli of the composites also showed an increase of at least 14% compared with untreated nSiO 2 -filled composites. This work demonstrated the use of rice husk, an agricultural waste, as a nSiO 2 source for epoxy resin fillers.

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Toughening structural adhesives via nano- and micro-phase inclusions

Cited by 204 publications

References 6 publications

Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers

The fracture of glass-fibre-reinforced epoxy composites using nanoparticle-modified matrices

Improved Optical Degradation Characteristics of Eu Complex Encapsulated by High-Pressure Annealing

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