“…As a result, decreased transportation costs (Kim & Lee, 2017), development in the MICE industry (Iwamoto, Matsuo, Fukushima, & Komada, 2016), and popularization of air charter tours (Wu, 2014) all contributed to the development of inbound tourism in Japan. Meanwhile, Japan's marketing of tourist destinations (Funck, 2012), promotion of online tourism (Bandara & Silva, 2016), and organization of tourism activities (Vafadari, 2013) have provided valuable development opportunities for countries around the world to improve their efficiency of inbound tourism. In addition, factors other than trade facilitation, such as natural disasters (Murakami, Kawamura, & Suzuki, 2015;Wu & Hayashi, 2014), diplomatic relations (Kim, Prideaux, & Timothy, 2016) could be considered when studying the efficiency of inbound tourism in Japan.…”