Toward a Better Determination of Turbulent Air–Sea Fluxes from Several Experiments

Abstract

An accurate determination of turbulent exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere is a prerequisite to identify and assess the mechanisms of interaction that control part of the variability in the two media over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. An extended dataset for estimating air-sea fluxes (representing nearly 5700 h of turbulence measurements) has been collected since 1992 during six dedicated experiments performed in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. This paper presents the methodology used through the successive experiments to progress in this field. The major developments concern (i) flux instrumentation, with the deployment of a microwave refractometer to get the latent heat flux in most meteorological conditions; (ii) the analysis of airflow distortion effects around the ship structure and sensors through both computational fluid dynamics and physical simulations in a water tank, then the derivation of correction for these effects; (iii) the application of both inertial dissipation and eddy-correlation methods from the various experiments, allowing the authors to assess and discuss flux-determination methods on ships, and particularly bulk parameterization; (iv) the validation and analysis of mesoscale surface flux fields from models and satellites by using ship data, showing some deficiencies in operational model fields from ECMWF, the need of high-quality fluxes to interpret oceanatmosphere exchanges, and the potential advantage of satellite retrieval methods. Further analysis of these datasets is being performed in a unique database (the ALBATROS project, open to the international scientific community). It will include refinement of airflow distortion correction and reprocessing of earlier datasets, the investigation of fluxes under specific conditions (low wind), and the effect of sea state among others. It will also contribute to further validation and improvements of satellite retrievals in various climatic/meteorological conditions.

Critical re‐evaluation of the bulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat over the ocean during unstable and neutral conditions

“…Brunke et al (2003) evaluated 12 flux algorithms against data from 12 experiments and found that all schemes strongly underestimated the sensible heat fluxes from CATCH, which is an experiment with high frequency of strong winds. Reanalysis of the CATCH data by Weill et al (2003), which attempts to take into account effects of flow distortion around the ship, lowers the C HN data slightly but still indicates possible increase in high winds.…”

“…et al (1999): the results refer to the model predictions for the flux of sensible heat compared to the corresponding measurements during CATCH (cf. also Weill et al, 2003). Oost et al (2000) measured the sensible heat flux with a combination of a sonic R2A for vertical velocity and a thermocouple for temperature.…”

Two‐way one‐dimensional high‐resolution air–sea coupled modelling applied to Mediterranean heavy rain events

“…The thermocline is diagnosed as the first level from the top of the ocean that experiences a density difference larger than 0.02 kg m −3 from the reference ocean level (5 m). This method has been applied successfully in the past by Paci et al (2005) and Giordani et al (2005Giordani et al ( , 2006 the POMME experiment datasets (Weill et al, 2003;Caniaux et al, 2005aCaniaux et al, , 2005bMémery et al, 2005).…”

A New Platform for the Determination of Air–Sea Fluxes (OCARINA): Overview and First Results

“…Donelan, et al, 2005), and to improve the Kolmogorov (1941) and MoninObukhov (1954) theories in stable boundary layers (e.g. Weill et al, 2003) or in the presence of swell (Smedman et al, 2009). …”