Toward a Consensus of Opinion on the End of the Early Bronze Age in Palestine-Transjordan

Richard, Suzanne

doi:10.2307/1356505

Cited by 47 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…While this may have involved the supply of young animals, or breeding stock, there may also have been a demand for significant quantities of human labour. In this light, the apparent contradiction between the clear derivation of the bulk of the EB IV ceramic repertoire of the southern Levant from local EB III forms (Richard 1980;D'Andrea 2012) and the adoption of a very specific subset of Syrian material culture by the same communities becomes comprehensible. This occurs through a situation characterized by Bunimovitz and Greenberg (2006, p. 29) as one of 'semi-nomadic pastoralists perhaps straddling the interface between Canaan and the urban centres of central Syria'.…”

Section: Early Bronze IVmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bunimovitz and Greenberg (2006) have described the way in which scholarly views on the EB IV period have followed shifting paradigms in wider disciplinary thinking. For example, studies in the 1980s (Dever 1980;Richard 1980) emphasized the strong connection of EB IV ceramics to those of the local EB III. As a result, the evidence for the adoption of items of material culture of Syrian inspiration, including those ceramic and metal forms that had shaped Kenyon's concept of 'Amorite' invaders (e.g.…”

Section: Early Bronze IVmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contextualizing Early Urbanization: Settlement Cores, Early States and Agro-pastoral Strategies in the Fertile Crescent During the Fourth and Third Millennia BC

et al. 2014

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This paper employs data from selected sample survey areas in the northern Fertile Crescent to demonstrate how initial urbanization developed along several pathways. The first, during the Late Chalcolithic period, was within a dense pattern of rural settlement. There followed a profound shift in settlement pattern that resulted in the formation of large walled or ramparted sites ('citadel cities') associated with a more dynamic phase of urbanization exemplified by short cycles of growth and collapse. By the later third millennium BC, the distribution of larger centres had expanded to include the drier agropastoral zone of northern and central Syria, termed here the 'zone of uncertainty'. This configuration, in turn, formed the context for Middle Bronze Age settlement, and the pattern of political rivalries and alliances that typified the second millennium BC. Evidence is marshalled from archaeological surveys and landscape analyses to examine these multiple paths to urbanization from the perspectives of (a) staple production within major 123J World Prehist (2014) 27:43-109 DOI 10.1007/s10963-014-9072-2 agricultural lowlands; (b) the shift towards higher risk animal husbandry within climatically marginal regions; (c) changes in local and inter-regional networks (connectivity); and (d) ties and rights to the land. Textile production forms the core of the proposed model, which emphasizes how the demand for wool and associated pasture lands opened up new landscapes for agro-pastoral production and settlement. The resultant landscapes of settlement are then compared with the picture in the southern Levant where a more restricted zone of uncertainty may have limited the opportunities for agro-pastoral production.

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Section: Early Bronze IVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Early Bronze IVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextualizing Early Urbanization: Settlement Cores, Early States and Agro-pastoral Strategies in the Fertile Crescent During the Fourth and Third Millennia BC

et al. 2014

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“…A period of 2400/2350-2000/1950 is preferred by Richard (1980), and an end date of 1925 BC, which is well after the beginning of the 12th Dynasty, was suggested by Cohen (2002).…”

Section: Early Bronze Age II (Eb Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Richard 1980;Weinstein 1984;Joffe 1993;Braun and Gophna 2004). Recent work on individual sites such as Tell esh-Shuna North for EB I (Philip 2001(Philip , 2008, Tel Yarmuth for EB I-III (Regev et al, these proceedings), the EB I-II transition at Pella (Bourke et al 2009), and the EB II-III transition at Jericho (Bruins and van der Plicht 2001) has indicated the possibility of substantial chronological revisions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant: New Analysis for a High Chronology

et al. 2012

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ABSTRACT. The chronology of the Early Bronze Age (EBA) in the southern Levant and the synchronization between the sites, considering seriation and radiocarbon dates, have shown large inconsistencies and disagreement. We have assembled 420 14 C dates, most of them previously published and a few provided directly by the excavators. The dates have been re-evaluated on the basis of their archaeological context and using analytical criteria. Bayesian modeling has been applied to the selected dates in relation to the given seriation of the EBA subperiods (EB I, II III, IV). Sites with 2 or more sequential subphases were individually modeled in order to define the transitions between the subperiods. The new chronology indicates that the EB I-II transition occurred site-dependently between 3200-2900 BC, with EB II-III around 2900 BC, and EB III-IV -2500 BC.

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“…The consequent dry stage was accompanied by salt deposition in the southern basin of the Dead Sea (Neev 1964), indicating that it dried up during this stage. The climatic desiccation during this period was probably the reason ofdestruction ofthe flourishing Early Bronze culture in the arid regions around the Dead Sea (Richard 1980;Dever 1989;Amiran 1991). The number of sites inhabited in the Negev desert was large during the Early Bronze period, and decreased considerably towards the following Middle Bronze and Late Bronze periods, when even large cities were deserted (Rast and Schaub 1980;Amiran 1986).…”

Section: The Major Historic Fall Of Dead Sea Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collapse and subsidence associated with salt karstification along the Dead Sea

Frumkin

Raz

2001

Carbonates Evaporites

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Two types ofsinkholes are observed along the Dead Sea shore, Israel. The first is associated with vadose dissolution in Mount Sedom salt diapir. The second is associated with dissolution under the watertable along the retreating Dead Sea shore. The Dead Sea level is falling dramatically, mainly because of human activity. Simultaneously, the lake shores suffer tremendous impact since the late 1980s: The ground is collapsing and subsiding in hundreds of points along the lake, with people, roads and property being swallowed in the more catastrophic events. The collapse is believed to result from dissolution of salt by aggressive groundwater, following the retreat of Dead Sea level and the groundwater halocline. Geological evidence suggests that a previous major lake level fall occurred naturally -2000 BCE. This may provide a new explanation for a curious historical-geological phrase in the book of Genesis, suggested to record formation of collapse sinkholes which occurred in response to the historic falling lake level, associated with climatic desiccation.

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Toward a Consensus of Opinion on the End of the Early Bronze Age in Palestine-Transjordan

Cited by 47 publications

References 4 publications

Contextualizing Early Urbanization: Settlement Cores, Early States and Agro-pastoral Strategies in the Fertile Crescent During the Fourth and Third Millennia BC

Contextualizing Early Urbanization: Settlement Cores, Early States and Agro-pastoral Strategies in the Fertile Crescent During the Fourth and Third Millennia BC

Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant: New Analysis for a High Chronology

Collapse and subsidence associated with salt karstification along the Dead Sea

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