Toward a learning-based view of internationalization: The accelerated trajectories of cross-border learning for latecomers

Find Them Home or Abroad? The Relative Contribution of International Technology In-licensing to “Indigenous Innovation” in China

“…This discrepancy has strategic implications not only for Chinese firms, but also for foreign firms in developed countries and innovation policy makers. First, the successful development of some Chinese large firms reinforces our findings and helps to confirm a learning trajectory of these firms (Li, 2010). For instance, Haier, Huawei, and…”

“…Evidence has shown that China is following a similar path and is still struggling between the importation, imitation, and absorption stages (Sun and Du, 2010;Deng, 2009). A recent theoretical contribution in the literature proposed that large firms in China tend to follow a learning pattern that starts from bilateral exploitation to unilateral exploitation or exploration, and then to bilateral exploration (Li, 2010). In other words, Chinese firms tend to build their technological capabilities by starting with collaborating with foreign partners and acquiring international technological knowledge that they are not able to obtain domestically, then assimilating and internalizing these acquired technologies into their existing knowledge base and trying to 'invent around' in the local market, and finally opening up a much broader scope of inter-firm collaboration to explore new technological areas.…”

Dragon multinationals powered by linkage, leverage and learning: A review and development

“…Clearly if firms from the newly industrializing parts of the world are going to join the ranks of global leaders they have to do so on the basis of building their own autonomous capabilities as well as leveraging whatever they can from prior linkages (however these might be effected). The efforts at refinement by Ray et al (2017) complement comparable efforts by Li (2007Li ( , 2010 to further elaborate on what he calls the unilateral and bilateral learning by latecomer multinationals. Earlier attempts to downplay LLL efforts by latecomers on the basis that they needed to have some prior capabilities in order to exercise LLL activities (e.g., Hennart, 2012;Narula, 2012)-never denied by me and simply taken for granted-are revealed as superficial when compared with a study such as that by Ray et al (2017).…”

Design of Products with Both International and Local Perspectives based on Yin-Yang Balance Theory and Swara Method

“…In contrast, the YYB can help remedy such biases by treating global and local forces as a duality so that they negate and affirm each other in different aspects (more global in basic R&D and market brand, but more local in applied R&D and market channel), at different times (initially more local but more global later), but they negate and affirm each other only to different degrees (always relatively more or less without going to the polarized extremes, see Table 1). In this sense, the YYB can apply to all controversies and debates in the domain of organization and management research (competition-cooperation duality, Chen, 2008; exploitation-exploration duality, Li, 2010, andstability-change duality, Farjoun, 2010) as well as the methods of induction and deduction into abduction (Charmaz, 2006).…”