Toward a New Psychometric Definition of Social Disability in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Greene, Ross W.; Biederman, Joseph; Faraone, Stephen V.; Ouellette, Cheryl; Penn, Courtney A.; Griffin, Susan M.

doi:10.1097/00004583-199605000-00011

Cited by 147 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Consistent with reports of ADHD-related social impairments (35), our data suggest that OCD and ADHD have additive contributions to social disability. Moreover, comorbid ADHD contributes independently to the level of school maladjustment (21).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Adaptive, Emotional, and Family Functioning of Children With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Sukhodolsky¹,

Rosario²,

Scahill³

et al. 2005

AJP

108

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Objective-The purpose of the study was to examine adaptive, emotional, and family functioning in a well-characterized group of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and to evaluate the influence of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the levels of impairment in various functional domains.Method-The study group included 287 children and adolescents (191 boys, 96 girls) ages 7-18 years. Fifty-six subjects had a diagnosis of OCD only, 43 had both OCD and ADHD, 95 had ADHD, and 93 were unaffected comparison children. Best estimate DSM-IV diagnoses were assigned on the basis of structured interviews and clinical ratings. The children's functioning was evaluated with a comprehensive battery of well-established, standardized measures, including the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, parents' ratings of social and family functioning, and children's self-reports of emotional adjustment.Results-The children with OCD only were more impaired than were unaffected comparison subjects in most areas of adaptive functioning and emotional adjustment. Children with OCD plus ADHD had additional difficulties in social functioning, school problems, and self-reported depression. Impairment in daily living skills, reduced number of activities, and self-reported anxiety were uniquely associated with the diagnosis of OCD. Family dysfunction was associated with ADHD but not with OCD.Conclusions-Children and adolescents with OCD are impaired in multiple domains of adaptive and emotional functioning. When comorbid ADHD is present, there is an additional burden on social, school, and family functioning.Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by distressing and intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images (obsessions) and repetitive overt or covert behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce distress. A diagnosis of OCD requires that the symptoms cause marked distress or significantly interfere with the person's functioning. OCD is present in 2%-4% of adolescents (1,2), although it is probably less common in prepubescent children (3). In groups of OCD subjects drawn from clinical settings, the lifetime rates of comorbidity with depression, anxiety, and tic disorders have been estimated to be as high as 80%, 70%, and 60%, respectively (4-7). Clinical accounts often reflect that children with OCD are impaired in their daily routine, emotional adjustment, family and peer relationships, and academic performance. Although many reports of the phenomenology and clinical features of childhood OCD are available, many studies have failed to use standardized measures of adaptive functioning, and they have been limited by small size of the study groups and the absence of comparison groups (8-13).Comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common childhood psychiatric disorder, has been relatively neglected in the research on childhood OCD. In reports on groups of subjects in clinical settings, the rate of co-occurrence of the two con...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Adaptive, Emotional, and Family Functioning of Children With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Sukhodolsky¹,

Rosario²,

Scahill³

et al. 2005

AJP

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In the present study we found that children with ODD or CD have more autism symptoms than children without these co-morbid disorders. It has previously been shown that 22% of children with ADHD are socially disabled, on a measure of social functioning (Greene et al 1996) and that those who are socially disabled have increased rates of disruptive disorders and substance misuse disorders, in comparison to those with ADHD without social disability (Greene et al 1997). The association between autism symptoms in ADHD and both ODD and CD may have implications for the course of ADHD from early childhood to later childhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has long been acknowledged that children with ADHD have social and communication difficulties as part of the ADHD complex (Greene et al 1996;Hoza 2007;Hoza et al 2005;Nijmeijer et al 2008;Pelham and Bender 1982). Children with ADHD may also have pragmatic language difficulties similar to those of children with Asperger's syndrome or to children with PDD-NOS (Bishop and Baird 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Familial trait which Correlates with Conduct, Oppositional Defiant, Language and Motor Disorders

Mulligan

Anney

O’Regan

et al. 2008

J Autism Dev Disord

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202

133

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It is hypothesised that autism symptoms are present in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), are familial and index subtypes of ADHD. Autism symptoms were compared in 821 ADHD probands, 1050 siblings and 149 controls. Shared familiality of autism symptoms and ADHD was calculated using DeFriesFulker analysis. Autism symptoms were higher in probands than siblings or controls, and higher in male siblings than male controls. Autism symptoms were familial, partly shared with familiality of ADHD in males. Latent class analysis using SCQ-score yielded five classes; Class 1(31%) had few autism symptoms and low comorbidity; Classes 2-4 were intermediate; Class 5(7%) had high autism symptoms and comorbidity. Thus autism symptoms

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“…In a similar way, many children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have associated social deficits that are not part of the core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that define the disorder. In a study of social disability in ADHD the majority of a sample of 140 boys with ADHD had some degree of difficulty in the social domain (Greene et al, 1996); 22% even qualified as socially disabled, as compared to none of a group of 120 normal controls. In another study, the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ) was used to compare social deficits in children with ASD, children with ADHD and normal controls (Luteijn et al, 2000a, b).…”

Section: Complicating Factorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

ADHD: strategies to unravel its genetic architecture

Buitelaar

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Summary. Attention deficit=hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and impairing neuropsychiatric disorder with onset at preschool age and strong persistence over time. Its validity as a psychiatric disorder has been established according to Robins and Guze criteria. Genetic factors predominate in the etiology of ADHD. This paper summarizes the current status of genetic research into ADHD, and describes eight factors that complicate research into genetically complex disorders as ADHD. These factors are that multiple genes of small main effects are involved rather than main genes, the relevant phenotype is unknown, presence of clinical heterogeneity, presence of genetic heterogeneity, gene-environment correlation, gene-environment interaction, importance of endophenotypes, and importance of developmental factors. The further unraveling of the genetic architecture of ADHD will depend to a large extent on how well these complicating factors are handled or even used.

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Toward a New Psychometric Definition of Social Disability in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Cited by 147 publications

References 27 publications

Adaptive, Emotional, and Family Functioning of Children With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Adaptive, Emotional, and Family Functioning of Children With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Autism symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Familial trait which Correlates with Conduct, Oppositional Defiant, Language and Motor Disorders

ADHD: strategies to unravel its genetic architecture

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