“…For machine learning model training, we have built sophisticated progress indicators for decision tree, random forest, and neural network when the number of epochs needed for model training is known beforehand [7], [11]. In addition, sophisticated progress indicators have been proposed for database queries [8], [14]- [17], static program analysis [18], program compilation [19], subgraph queries [20], MapReduce jobs [21], [22], and automatic machine learning model selection [23], [24]. As each kind of task has its own unique properties, we cannot directly adopt the existing techniques [7], [8], [11], [14]- [24] to implement progress indicators for deep learning model training when early stopping is allowed.…”