Toward a typology of hallucinogen users in the United States

Salas-Wright, Christopher P.; Hodges, James C.; Hai, Audrey Hang; Alsolami, Abdulaziz; Vaughn, Michael G.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109139

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Findings from this study suggest that individuals who use ecstasy/MDMA use are more likely to also report use of cannabis, LSD, cocaine, ketamine, GHB, and methamphetamine, consistent with prior epidemiologic studies indicating that ecstasy users are disproportionately at risk for other drug use 14,18,24,28 . Our study further contributes to existing literature as we found additional associations between ecstasy/MDMA use and club drugs (ie, GHB and ketamine), which were not added as variables to NSDUH until 2006, after which some of these studies were published.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Most research using nationally representative samples is becoming outdated, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] while others have focused on targeted samples of people who use drugs and individuals who identify as gender or sexual minorities. 22,23 More recently, Salas-Wright et al 24 and Davis et al 25 have characterized people who use hallucinogens (including ecstasy/MDMA), although these studies evaluated lifetime use; examining more recent use may allow for better examination of potential correlates of more recent use. Furthermore, research has detected shifting sociodemographic characteristics among people who use ecstasy/MDMA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Correlates of Past Year Ecstasy/MDMA Use in the United States

et al. 2023

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Objectives: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (also known as "ecstasy" or "Molly") has regained attention in recent years for its efficacy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder, and the drug was granted breakthrough therapy designation for such use by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2017. However, little is known about the current epidemiology of recreational ecstasy/MDMA use. Methods: We estimated past-year prevalence and correlates of ecstasy/ MDMA use based on a representative sample of noninstitutionalized US individuals 12 years or older from the 2015-2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 315,661). Results: An estimated 0.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9-1.0) of individuals used ecstasy/MDMA in the past year. Compared with those ages 35-49 years, all younger age groups were at increased odds for use, while those older than 50 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.08-0.23) were at low odds for use. Compared with heterosexual men, those identifying as bisexual women (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.02-1.72) were at increased odds for use, and compared with White individuals, those identifying as Asian (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.42-2.59), Black (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.41-2.06), or multiracial (aOR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.19-2.16) were at increased odds for use. Past-year use of other drugs (e.g., cannabis, ketamine), prescription drug misuse (e.g., pain relievers, stimulants), nicotine dependence (aOR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.00-1.45), and alcohol use disorder (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.25-1.58) were also associated with increased odds for use. Conclusions: While use of ecstasy/MDMA continues to be relatively rare, findings from this study can help inform prevention and harm reduction strategies, especially among certain subpopulations that are at high risk for use.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Past Year Ecstasy/MDMA Use in the United States

et al. 2023

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“…Generating classifications of drug-using behavior is often done using statistical techniques, such as discriminative modeling or latent class analysis, which allows researchers to inductively create groups or classes. These studies tend to examine samples of system-involved persons, college students, or those completing national surveys (e.g., Dash, Martin, Agrawal, Lynskey, & Slutske, 2020; Green et al, 2011; Kuramoto, Bohnert, & Latkin, 2011; Patra, Fischer, Maksimowska, & Rehm, 2009; Salas-Wright, Hodges, Hai, Alsolami, & Vaughn, 2021; Watkins, 2016). Although instructive in detecting drug use behaviors among subsets of a population, quantitative studies are not well-equipped to discover some of the more dynamic, social aspects of drug use, such as the language or rhetoric used to describe and recount drug-related experiences.…”

Section: Classifying Drug Use and Drug Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heads, Seekers, Psychonauts, and One-Timers: Patterns in Stories of Psychedelic Consumption

Dollar

2022

Journal of Drug Issues

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Psychedelics are psychoactive substances that alter ordinary states of consciousness. The U.S. criminalized ingestion of these drugs approximately 60 years ago and use remains punishable by law. Prior to this time, the substances were differentially declared spiritual sacraments, medicines, and/or party drugs. (Auto)Ethnographies and other research often indicate psychedelic-induced experiences as remarkably personal, necessitating subjective interpretation. Empirical studies exploring patterns across psychedelic encounters are rare, but among the few that exist, users tend to be identified as either pursuing psycho-spiritual enlightenment or self-indulgent amusement. The present paper utilizes narratives collected through 37 in-depth interviews with adults from diverse social backgrounds who report a history of psychedelic consumption in non-clinical settings. The data suggest a potential 4-part categorization based on five factors: named forms of psychedelic substances used, reported frequency of psychedelic ingestions, stated reasons for consumption and desistance, self-imposed rules surrounding use, and descriptions of drug effects and experiences.

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“…Its use is restricted due to the potential for abuse and misuse. Around 51% of 6381 people who reported past-year hallucinogen use in the 2016-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health abused lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (mushroom), or 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (1). Documentation of hallucinogen risks for addiction is scant, and their adverse profile pictures mostly the term: no serious adverse effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and prolonged antidepressant and antianxiety effects of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, ayahuasca, and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Fluyau,

Kailasam,

Revadigar

2024

Preprint

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BackgroundHallucinogens attract research as alternatives to the commonly used medications to treat major depressive and anxiety disorders.AimsAssess hallucinogens’ efficacy for managing depressive and anxiety symptoms and evaluate their safety profiles.MethodIn five databases, we searched for randomized controlled trials of hallucinogens targeting depressive and anxiety symptoms. We performed a meta-analysis using a random effects model when data permitted it. The protocol of the review is registered in PROSPERO; CRD42022341325.ResultsPsilocybin produced a rapid and sustained reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder, severe, and in patients with life-threatening cancer. A decrease in depressive symptoms was observed with 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), primarily in patients with life-threatening cancer, autism spectrum disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. MDMA reduced social anxiety symptoms. However, MDMA’s effect size was either negligible or negative for anxiety symptoms overall. Ayahuasca reduced depressive symptoms in individuals with treatment-resistant major depressive and personality disorders. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reduced anxiety symptoms in individuals with life-threatening cancer.Psilocybin’s adverse effects were noticeable for elevated blood pressure, headaches, and panic attacks. For MDMA, elevated blood pressure, headaches, panic attacks, and feeling cold were noticeable.ConclusionsPsilocybin, MDMA, ayahuasca, and LSD appear to have the potential to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms. Adverse effects are noticed. Rigorous randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes utilizing outcome measures instruments with better reliability and validity are warranted.

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Toward a typology of hallucinogen users in the United States

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Prevalence and Correlates of Past Year Ecstasy/MDMA Use in the United States

Prevalence and Correlates of Past Year Ecstasy/MDMA Use in the United States

Heads, Seekers, Psychonauts, and One-Timers: Patterns in Stories of Psychedelic Consumption

Rapid and prolonged antidepressant and antianxiety effects of psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, ayahuasca, and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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