In this paper we extend earlier work on the role of the personality trait of resistance to change (RTC) in the adoption of digital libraries. We present an integrative study, drawing on a number of research streams, including IT adoption, social psychology, and digital-library acceptance. Using structural equation modeling, we confirm RTC as a direct antecedent of effort expectancy. In addition, we also find that by affecting computer anxiety and result demonstrability, RTC acts as an indirect antecedent to both effort expectancy and performance expectancy, which in turn determine user intention to adopt digital library technology. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
IntroductionA user's intention to adopt a new technology such as a digital library is influenced by a variety of beliefs and perceptions (Lee, Kozar, & Larsen, 2003). Among these factors, performance expectancy (PE, or perceived usefulness in earlier studies) and effort expectancy (EE, or perceived ease of use in earlier studies) of the new technology are widely accepted as the two key antecedents to adoption (Davis, 1989;Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003). Recent research in social psychology indicates that, as a personality trait, individuals' resistance to change (RTC) dictates how they respond to events such as the introduction of a new technology that brings potential changes to their well-practiced routines (Oreg, 2003(Oreg, , 2006Oreg et al., 2008). In a recent study, Nov and Ye (2008) found that users with high RTC tend to expect greater effort to be associated with using a new digital-library system. However, perception of the effort involved in using a new system is only one of the factors that determine the intention to adopt it. In the present study, we develop a substantially extended model that includes the direct and indirect relationships between RTC and both determinants (PE and EE) of adoption intention. Using a larger dataset, the new model connects RTC to intention to adopt in three ways:1. Directly-through effort expectancy, as was demonstrated in the study by Nov and Ye (2008). 2. Indirectly-through computer anxiety, which is associated with EE. 3. Through the other main antecedent of adoption intention, performance expectancy. In this case we show how result demonstrability mediates the relationship between RTC and PE.Overall, the goal of this study is to further explore the influence of RTC-within a nomological network of individual differences, system characteristics, and expectancies-on new users' intention to adopt a digital library. As such, the study contributes to the literature on digital libraries by providing better understanding of the factors underpinning digital-library systems' adoption.
Background and Literature Review