Toward Bactericidal Enhancement of Additively Manufactured Titanium Implants

Abstract

Implant-associated infections (IAIs) are among the most intractable and costly complications in implant surgery. They can lead to surgery failure, a high economic burden, and a decrease in patient quality of life. This manuscript is devoted to introducing current antimicrobial strategies for additively manufactured (AM) titanium (Ti) implants and fostering a better understanding in order to pave the way for potential modern high-throughput technologies. Most bactericidal strategies rely on implant structure design and surface modification. By means of rational structural design, the performance of AM Ti implants can be improved by maintaining a favorable balance between the mechanical, osteogenic, and antibacterial properties. This subject becomes even more important when working with complex geometries; therefore, it is necessary to select appropriate surface modification techniques, including both topological and chemical modification. Antibacterial active metal and antibiotic coatings are among the most commonly used chemical modifications in AM Ti implants. These surface modifications can successfully inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, and bacterial apoptosis, leading to improved antibacterial properties. As a result of certain issues such as drug resistance and cytotoxicity, the development of novel and alternative antimicrobial strategies is urgently required. In this regard, the present review paper provides insights into the enhancement of bactericidal properties in AM Ti implants.

Multifunctional Coatings on Mg‐Based Metallic Biomaterials and Implants

“…The future generation of multifunctional coatings and materials will benefit from new technologies and procedures like 3D printing, [154][155][156] bioprinting, additive manufacturing, and cellon-the-chip technologies [157] that will lead to the production of unique designs with hierarchical hybrid structures, [158][159][160][161] multilayered and biomimetic structures, or 3D-printed coatings that will open new horizons in the manufacturing of multifunctional coated implants. It should be mentioned that the use of advanced modeling and simulations as well as the use of artificial intelligence in the future may lead to new steps being taken in the production of new Mg-based multifunctional coatings and optimization of existing samples.…”

Surface Modification of Biomedical Ti and Ti Alloys: A Review on Current Advances

“…The most extensively utilized method for surface biochemical modification of Ti-based implants is the layer-by-layer (LbL) method, based on the principle of supramolecular electrostatic assembly, in which a self-assembled multilayer biologically active film is formed via alternating adsorption of oppositely charged biologically active macromolecules on the surface of the substrate [ 127 , 128 ]. Yavari’s team [ 129 ] successfully employed the LbL method to process drug delivery between micron-scale drug carriers on the surface of a selectively-laser-melted CP Ti scaffold.…”

Ultrasonic and phased-array inspection in titanium-based alloys: A review

“…AM, also known as 3D printing as a modern and revolutionary manufacturing technique, is supposed to utterly alter the future of numerous industries such as biomedical, 79,80 manufacturing, 81 transportation, electronics, 82 and even environmental issues. AM techniques provide a fast fabrication process with the capability of fabricating porous and complex-shaped materials and components with very intricate internal structures.…”