Toward Clinical Applications of Smartphone Spectroscopy and Imaging

Food for Thought: Optical Sensor Arrays and Machine Learning for the Food and Beverage Industry

“…36 The optical response of multiple luminescent sensor elements can be highly multiplexed in a single location, further reducing the number of array elements that need to be measured and the volume of sample required (potentially down to a whole array in one few-μL well of a 384 well plate). 25,37 The spectroscopic methods required enable the use of portable spectroscopy via simple illumination sources and basic lenses and gratings for spectroscopic analysis with a CCD or PMT photodetector, or even cellphone cameras 1,38 The analysis of the optode signals generated by the array can be achieved with the chemometric tools described above, with either point color (RGB)/wavelength changes analyzed with supervised or unsupervised discriminant or clustering methods or a full spectral analysis with partial least-squares methods. The "depth" of data versus the number of different samples and groupings is worth considering when choosing an analysis method, to ensure the method used is suitable for the data acquired (and assumptions of the method are not violated, or overfitting does not occur).…”

“…The array format lends itself well to high throughput read-out methods, such as wide-field and/or hyperspectral imaging, or well-plate-style, serialized readout formats . The optical response of multiple luminescent sensor elements can be highly multiplexed in a single location, further reducing the number of array elements that need to be measured and the volume of sample required (potentially down to a whole array in one few-μL well of a 384 well plate). , The spectroscopic methods required enable the use of portable spectroscopy via simple illumination sources and basic lenses and gratings for spectroscopic analysis with a CCD or PMT photodetector, or even cellphone cameras , …”