“…Recently, adopting modern technological solutions such as deep learning algorithms, computer vision, and sensor networks has created unprecedented opportunities to automate the process of identifying welding hazards beyond the inherent limitations (e.g., labor intensiveness and human errors) of traditional observatory approaches such as adding one more person to observe welding activities [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. For example, Chen, W. et al [ 33 ] proposed a progressive probabilistic transformer-based welding flame detection method.…”